Course Objectives

• The overall aims are that the student should obtain advanced knowledge of the most common hematologic diseases & understanding the concept of Blood cells and other blood components.
• Demonstrate an understanding of the components of human blood and characteristics, functions, and abnormalities and disease states of each.
• Demonstrate proficiency in the skills necessary to perform blood cell counts, and evaluation of blood elements within stated limits of accuracy.
• Determine suitability of hematology specimens and dispose of them in the appropriate bio-hazard containers.

Learning Outcomes

• Differentiate various hematological procedures and the use of basic equipment essential to working in a Hematology Laboratory.
• Discuss differences between Quality control, Quality Assurance, and Continuing Quality Improvement principles as used in the Hematology Laboratory.
• Categorize various hematology analyses , operational principles of various hematology instruments, and troubleshooting of various instruments.
• Explain the principles and theories utilized in a variety of problem-solving situations.
• Compare and contrast hematology values under normal and abnormal conditions.

Course Syllabus

Module-1 ( 8 Hrs)

Quality assurance in hematology: Internal and external quality control including reference preparation

Routine quality assurance, Protocol, Statistical analysis i.e. Standard deviation, Co-efficient variation,

accuracy and precision, Safety precautions in hematology. Basic concepts of automation in hematology

with special reference to: Blood cell counter, Coagulometer.

Practice: Collection of blood from different body parts. Data and record Maintain, Handling

hematological equipments.

Module-2 ( 12 Hrs)

Bone marrow examination:

1. Composition and functions, Aspiration of bone marrow (Adults and children), Processing of aspirated bone marrow (Preparation & staining of smear)

2. Brief knowledge about examination of aspirated bone marrow (differential cell counts and cellular ratios) .Special Stain for Bone Marrow -Periodic Acid Schiff, Sudan Black

3. Leukemia: Classification, Blood Picture, Differentiation of BlastCells. Laboratory diagnosis of leukaemias , Processing and staining of trephine biopsy specimens.

Practice: Method of aspiration bone marrow, method of Processing and staining of trephine biopsy.

Module-3 ( 10 Hrs)

L.E. cell phenomenon

1. Definition of L.E. cell,  Demonstration of L.E. cell by various methods , Clinicals Physiological variations in Hb, PCV, TLC and Platelets. Investigations of a case suffering from bleeding disorders.

      2. Quantitative assay of coagulation factors - a. Principle b. Procedure c. Mechanism d. Tests

      3. Biomedical waste management in hematology laboratory (Other than Radioactive material)

Practice-: Demonstration of functional aspect of blood cell counter

Study the RBCs abnormal morphological form -a. Variation in size, shape and staining

Character, b. Red cell inclusion, c. Identify morphologically the- Immature Erythroid series of cells

d. Immature Myeloid ad other WBCs series of cells

Suggested Readings:

1. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology P.B Gotkar Mumbai, Bhalani Publishing House
2. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology by Paraful B. Godkar, Publisher Bhalani
3. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology (2nd edition) by V.H Talib, Publisher CBS
4. Atlas of hematology (5th edition) by G.A. McDonald, Publisher Churchill Livingstone
5. Medical Laboratory Technology By K.L Mukharjee, Publisher McGraw Hill education pvtlimited
6. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology (6th edition) by Ramnik Sood,Jaypee Publication.
7. Ebook link-https://www.pdfdrive.com/hematology-basic-principles-and-practice-e176384006.html
8. Ebook link-https://www.pdfdrive.com/hematology-basic-principles-and-practice-expert-consult-online-and-print-expert-consult-title-online-print-5th-edition-e186195241.html
9. Ebook link-https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6sfacydDNsUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hematology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja9-ve3I7qAhUwzTgGHSMUDekQ6wEwAHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=hematology&f=false
10. Ebook link-https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QQcYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=hematology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja9-ve3I7qAhUwzTgGHSMUDekQ6wEwAnoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=hematology&f=false

Simulation links for labs: 

All the practice components can be performed by simulation as well as virtual labs. Amrita Vlab (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1ouqR_dIY_WPDPSZo0e8Wg),

labsforlife (http://labsforlife.in/)

Online Source: Udemy, Coursera, article library, NCBI,Study.com, You tube, Slide share, Frontier, Febs, unacademy, academia,

Session Plan

Session 1

Topic: Quality assurance in hematology: Internal and external quality control including reference preparation

Study Materials:

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/IshwarBihana/quality-assurance-in-haematology-87797108

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYaMO3k1F9I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmh2rq5iajI

Routine quality assurance & Protocol Discussion- https://www.docsity.com/en/quality-assurance-in-haematology-introduction-to-hematology-lecture-slides/221648/

Session Plan

Session 2

Practice session:

Topic: Collection and preservation of blood: different methods of collection

Study Materials:

Slide share-https://www.slideshare.net/globalsoin/blood-collection-and-preservation

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-NVVSOBUu8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibU5PYOF2qg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8n2O1GIqQg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NSEFVbzTAU

Session 3

Practice session:

Topic: Data & Record Maintenance

Study Materials:

Discussion- https://www.icontracts.com/managing-documents-records-laboratory/

Do's and Don'ts-https://techtransfer.cancer.gov/intellectualproperty/inventions/inventor-guidance/guide-keeping-laboratory-records-dos-dont

Topic: Hematological Equipment Handling

Discussion- https://www.biologydiscussion.com/hematology-2/laboratory-hematology-2/equipments-used-in-hematology-laboratory-hematology-biology/80370

Session 4

Topic: Safety precautions in hematology

Study Materials:

Discussion- http://biologydiscussion.com/hematology-2/laboratory-hematology-2/safety-measures-to-prevent-laboratory-hazards-hematology/80388

Description- https://oncohemakey.com/safety-in-the-hematology-laboratory/

Session 5

Topic: Statistical analysis i.e. Standard deviation, Co-efficient variation,accuracy and precision

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/coefficientofvariation.asp

Session 6

Topic: Basic concepts of automation in hematology with special reference to: Blood cell counter, Coagulometer

Study Materials:

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/saikat1607/automated-cell-counter-its-quality-control-36198989

Article of Coagulometer- https://www.who.int/medical_devices/innovation/whole_blood_coagulation_analyzer.pdf?ua=1

Article of Blood cell counter- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18550479/

Slide share of Blood cell counter- https://www.slideshare.net/SADAF519/automated-cell-counters-91056262

Session 7

Topic: Bone marrow examination: Composition and functions

Study Materials:

Discussion- https://medcaretips.com/bone-marrow/

Notes- https://microbenotes.com/bone-marrow-types-structure-and-functions/

https://spark.adobe.com/page/mMDF7W1XtTG48/

Session 8

Topic: Bone marrow examination

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI7m2y_secI

Notes- https://spark.adobe.com/page/XCoKNRcH2T4sa/

Session 9

Topic: Aspiration of bone marrow (Adults and children)

Study Materials:

Discussion- https://www.chp.edu/our-services/cancer/resources/patient-procedures/bone-marrow-biopsy

Description- https://www.chp.edu/our-services/cancer/resources/patient-procedures/bone-marrow-biopsy#:~:text=Bone%20marrow%20aspirations%20and%20bone,into%20your%20child's%20hip%20bone.

Guidelines- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2532899/

Session 10

Practice Session:

Topic: Bone marrow aspiration and Biopsy

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkdsLHBCreI

Discussion- https://labtestsonline.org/tests/bone-marrow-aspiration-and-biopsy

Notes- https://www.healthline.com/health/bone-marrow-biopsy

Session 11

Topic: method of Processing and staining of trephine biopsy

Study Materials:

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/kanwalpreet15/processing-of-bone-marrow-trephine-biopsy

Session 12

Practice Session:

Topic: Bone marrow Preparation: smear & stain

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZTGoPmCV1w

Notes-https://www.labce.com/spg448397_manual_staining_of_bone_marrow_preparations_wright.aspx#:~:text=Wright's%20or%20

Wright%2DGiemsa%20stains,contact%20time%20for%20adequate%20staining.

Descriptions-https://clinicalgate.com/preparation-and-staining-methods-for-blood-and-bone-marrow-films/

Session 13

Topic: Processing of aspirated bone marrow (Preparation & staining of smear)

Study Materials:

Notes- https://labmonk.com/preparation-staining-bone-marrow-smear

Description- https://clinicalgate.com/preparation-and-staining-methods-for-blood-and-bone-marrow-films/

Session 14

Topic: Brief knowledge about examination of aspirated bone marrow (differential cell counts and cellular ratios)

Study Materials: 

Procedure-https://labtestsonline.org/tests/bone-marrow-aspiration-and-biopsy

Session 15

Practice session:

Topic: Special Stain for Bone Marrow-Periodic Acid Schiff

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W56K4ISNfgA

Protocol- http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/pas.htm

Application- https://www.labce.com/spg949466_periodic_acid_schiff_pas_diagnostic_applications.aspx

Session 16

Practice session:

Topic: Special Stain for Bone Marrow:Sudan Black

Study Materials:

Procedure- http://laboratorytests.org/sudan-black-b-stain/

PDF- https://webpath.med.utah.edu/HISTHTML/MANUALS/SUDANF.PDF

Session 17

Practice session:

Topic: Processing and staining of trephine biopsy specimens

Study Materials:

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/kanwalpreet15/processing-of-bone-marrow-trephine-biopsy

Session 18

Topic: Leukemia: Classification, Blood Picture

Study materials:

Discussion- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373

Description-https://webpath.med.utah.edu/HISTHTML/MANUALS/SUDANF.PDF

Notes- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia

Session 19

Topic: Differentiation of BlastCells

Study Materials:

Discussion- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/blast-cell

Notes- https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-of-blast-cells-4114662#:~:text=In%20the%20myeloid%20cell%20line,basophils%20and%20monocytes%2C%20and%20macrophages.

Session 20

Topic- L.E.cell phenomenon-Definition of L.E.cell

Study Materials:

Discussion- https://www.labpedia.net/le-cell-phenomenon-lupus-erythematosus-cell/

Notes- https://askhematologist.com/lupus-erythematosus-le-cells/

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/8056933252/demonstration-of-le-cells

Session 21

Topic: Demonstration of L.E.cell by various methods

Study Materials:

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/8056933255/demonstration-of-le-cells

Session 22

Topic: Clinical Physiological variations in Hb, PCV, TLC and Platelets

Study Materials:

Slide Share- https://www.slideshare.net/himanshuguptadr/blood-and-blood-cells-57679867

Article- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422383/

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/physiology/2013/283814/

Session 23

Practice:

Topic: Blood cell Counter (Manual)

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfqZdiqTSUQ

Session 24

Topic: Red Cell Inclusion

Study Materials:

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Klcx1ZgFsmw

Discussion- https://theartofmed.wordpress.com/2015/09/07/inclusion-bodies-of-red-blood-cells/#:~:text=Typically%2C%20inclusion%20bodies%20are%20nuclear,within%20a%20red%20blood%20cell.

Session 25

Topic: Immature Erythrocyte Series or Erythrocyte maturation

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cATQFej6oAc

Session 26

Topic: Immature Lymphoid & Myeloid and other WBC Series

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/white-blood-cell

Slide share-https://www.slideshare.net/P-Z0-3/white-blood-cells-39413127

https://en.wikivet.net/Leukopoiesis

Session 27

Topic: Investigations of a case suffering from bleeding disorders

Study Materials:

Slide Share- https://www.slideshare.net/supreetmvj/bleeding-disorders-44901153

Session 28

Topic: Quantitative assay of coagulation factors - a. Principle b. Procedure

Study Materials: 

Discussion-  https://labtestsonline.org/tests/coagulation-factors

Book Reference- Ramnik Sood pg:375

Session 29

Practice session:

Topic: Coagulation Factors Mechanism & Test

Study Materials:

Discussion- https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/coagulation-factor-tests/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507850/

Procedure- https://www.healthline.com/health/coagulation-tests

Session 30

Topic: Biomedical waste management in hematology laboratory (Other than Radioactive material )

Study Materials:

Slide Share- https://www.slideshare.net/arunbabunb/laboratory-safety-biomedical-waste

Session 31

Topic: Demonstration of various parts of centrifuge; its functioning and care

Study Materials:

Slide share https://slideplayer.com/slide/10501557/

Session 32

Topic: Cleaning and drying of glass and plastic ware

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0oacysFTko

Session 33

Topic: Cleaning of glass, syringes and its sterilization

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pfjcsIeG74

Session 34

Practice session:

Topic: Uses and function of various anticoagulants

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrWD83b8hkA&t=4s

About-http://www.pathlabs.org/healthcare-providers/clinical-testing/clinical-tube-types.aspx

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/JananiMathialagan1/blood-collection-and-anticoagulants

Session 35

Topic: Preparation of buffers

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdhmryQACz8

Procedure-https://www.shimadzu.com/an/hplc/support/lib/lctalk/38/38lab.html#:~:text=When%20an%20acetic%20acid%20(sodium,

buffer%20action%20can%20be%20obtained.

Session 36

Topic: Preparation of the stains and other reagents

Study Materials:

Session 37

Practice session:

Topic: Use centrifuge machine to separate serum & plasma from whole blood cells

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhJNFGfsUus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX0NNfV8nWw

Session 38

Practice session:

Topic: Sterilization(Dry Sterilization & Moist Sterilization)

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEsDVJQf4io

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRL7Bt3F38k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckuZg1gPl1Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YVqwnWnGdo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j23s_cxwxSE

Case Studies

Case Studies