Course Objectives

• To understand the concept of metabolism of carbohydrates
• To understand the significance of amino acids, proteins
• Use of enzymes in enhancing metabolic reactions
• Role of lipids

Learning Outcomes

• After completion of the course the student will be developed a very good understanding of various biomolecules which are required for development and functioning of cells.
• Would have understood the significance of carbohydrates in energy generation and as storage food molecules for cells.
• They would have understood the significance of proteins and enzymes in accelerating various metabolic activities.
• The conceptual understanding of the subject provides opportunities for skill enhancement and scopes for higher education.

Course Syllabus

Unit-1

Structure of enzyme: Apoenzyme and cofactors, prosthetic group-TPP, coenzyme NAD, metal cofactors, Classification of enzymes.

Mechanism of action of enzymes: active site, transition state complex and activation energy. Lock and key hypothesis, and Induced Fit hypothesis.

Enzyme inhibition, enzyme kinetics.

Diagnostic value of serum enzymes: Creatinine kinase, Alkaline phosphatase, Acid phosphatase, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, Amylase, Lipase, Carbonic anhydrase etc.

Practice:

Study of effect of temperature on enzyme activity

Study of effect of pH on enzyme activity

Unit- 2

Carbohydrates: Biomedical importance & properties of Carbohydrates, Classification

Families of monosaccharides: aldoses and ketoses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. Stereo isomerism of monosaccharides, epimers, Haworth projection formulae for glucose; chair and boat forms of glucose.

Metabolism: Glycogenesis & glycogenolysis, Glycolysis, citric acid cycle & its significance, Components of respiratory chain, energy relationships during cell respiration, types of respiration. HMP shunt & Gluconeogenesis, regulation of blood glucose level.

Practice:

Estimation of Glucose in urine

Estimation of Glucose in blood

Unit- 3

Amino acids: Classification, essential & non-essential amino acids. Chemistry of Proteins & their related metabolism, Classification, biomedical importance.

Metabolism: Ammonia formation & transport, Transamination, Decarboxylation, Urea cycle, metabolic disorders in urea cycle, catabolism of amino acids.

Practice:

Estimation of Protein in urine

Estimation of Protein in blood

Unit- 4

Chemistry of Lipids & their related metabolism: Classification, biomedical importance, essential fatty acids. Brief out line of metabolism: Beta oxidation of fatty acids, fatty liver, Ketogenesis, Cholesterol & it's clinical significance, Lipoproteins in the blood composition & their functions in brief, Atherosclerosis.

Diabetes mellitus: its types, features, gestation diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance test, glycosuria, Hypoglycaemia & its causes.

Practice:

Estimation of Bile pigment in urine

Estimation of Bile salts in urine

Suggested Readings:

1. Victor W. Rodwell, David A. Bender, Kathleen M. Botham, Peter J. Kennelly, P. Anthony Weil (2018) Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. Mc Graw Hill.

(e-Book link: https://www.pdfdrive.com/harpers-illustrated-biochemistry-d176838999.html )

2. Nelson DL and Cox MM. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Ed., W.H. Freeman and Company.

(e-Book link: https://www.pdfdrive.com/lehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-5th-edition-d164892141.html )

3. Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet (2011) Biochemistry 4^th Wiley Publishers.

(e-Book link: https://www.pdfdrive.com/biochemistry-4th-edition-e165192126.html )

4. Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Biochemistry 7^th W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

(e-Book link: https://www.pdfdrive.com/biochemistry-seventh-edition-e167675390.html )

Simulation links for labs:

1. Lecturio

(e-source link: https://app.lecturio.com/#/course/s/8014 )

2. Labs for Life

(e-source link: http://labsforlife.in/InstructionalVideo.aspx )

Practice components can be performed by simulation as well as virtual labs.

Amrita Vlab (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1ouqR_dIY_WPDPSZo0e8Wg).

Online Source: Coursera, article library, NCBI, Study.com, You tube, Frontier, Febs, unacademy, academia

Session Plan

Session 1

Topic: Structure of enzyme: Apoenzyme and cofactors, prosthetic group-TPP, coenzyme NAD, metal cofactors

Video on Introduction on Enzymes

https://app.lecturio.com/#/lecture/s/8184/36358

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgVFkRn8f10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk14dOOvwMk

Slideshare link to Introduction to Enzymes

https://www.slideshare.net/RichardBader/enzymes-14106495

https://www.slideshare.net/Ramzanken/enzymes-biochemistry

Session 2

Topic: Classification of enzymes

Video on Classification of enzymes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Nr9Pc00qO

Slideshare link to Classification of enzymes

https://www.slideshare.net/rakhiadarsh/classification-of-enzymes

https://www.slideshare.net/ArunViswanathan3/enzyme-199841983

Session 3

Topic: Mechanism of action of enzymes: active site, transition state complex and activation energy

Video on Mechanism of action of enzymes

https://app.lecturio.com/#/course/s/8242

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTvG0UTJt9E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ie_7Y7HJlps

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BoZfsARSjk

Slideshare link on Mechanism of action of enzymes

https://www.slideshare.net/karthi131087/final-44690151

Session 4

Topic: Lock and key hypothesis, and Induced Fit hypothesis

Video on Lock and key hypothesis, and Induced Fit hypothesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHN9FLuJtXY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXeMb-CBTW0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiMBsgNZh-M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8TOWTp71tE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVoytz_3H_s

Slideshare link to Lock and key hypothesis, and Induced Fit hypothesis

https://www.slideshare.net/DeepakKumarGupta2/enzyme-50519282

Session 5

Topic: Enzyme inhibition

Video on Enzyme inhibition

https://app.lecturio.com/#/course/s/8242

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8woEVmLWTbk&t=393s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5j6ExHLFD8

Slideshare link on Enzyme inhibition

https://www.slideshare.net/DipeshTamrakar2/enzyme-inhibition-79640392

Session 6

Topic: Enzyme kinetics

Video on Enzyme kinetics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIKNtWz_3Do

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnoOtxIAk9g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCVRC-AQ54M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtdsL8CfNkI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0NcxAIoTHE

Slideshare link on Enzyme Kinetics

https://www.slideshare.net/KamalKishor31/enzyme-kinetics-57408548

Session 7

Topic: Diagnostic value of serum enzymes - Creatinine kinase, Alkaline phosphatase, Acid phosphatase, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, Amylase, Lipase, Carbonic anhydrase

Video on Diagnostic value of serum enzymes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4CvXTYimck

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UBcX8FE4YE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZni6VaXa8w

Session 8

Practice session

Topic: Study of effect of temperature on enzyme activity

Video on Study of effect of temperature on enzyme activity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vCZHLTSK1Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXF6yjdyIgY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Fa2sSIt4_I

Procedure to perform Study of effect of temperature on enzyme activity

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=64&sim=1342&cnt=2

http://btc-bti.com/science101/pdf_files/Teacher's%20Guide%20Lab%203.pdf

Session 9

Practice session

Topic: Study of effect of pH on enzyme activity

Video on Study of effect of pH on enzyme activity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wkuUwA4bdA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8MVcoufUfs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DZtsp3-7IU

Procedure to perform Study of effect of pH on enzyme activity

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/effect-temperature-ph-enzymes-7926.php

https://pbiol.rsb.org.uk/bio-molecules/factors-affecting-enzyme-activity/investigating-the-effect-of-ph-on-amylase-activity

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.7%3A_The_Effect_of_pH_on_Enzyme_Kinetics

Session 10

Topic: Biomedical importance, properties, classification of Carbohydrates

Video on Introduction to Carbohydrates

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2Txci95n8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KJMYWvH034

Slideshare link to Introduction to Carbohydrates

https://www.slideshare.net/syed_ismail/carbohydrates-28872311

Session 11

Topic: Families of monosaccharides: aldoses and ketoses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses

Video on Monosaccharides

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0soyMv8-Xo

Slideshare link to Monosaccharides

https://www.slideshare.net/SaifulIslam750/carbohydrates-and-its-classification

Session 12

Topic: Stereo isomerism of monosaccharides, epimers

Video on Stereo isomerism of monosaccharides, epimers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2CBC-ylqUs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KJMYWvH034

Session 13

Topic: Haworth projection formulae for glucose; chair and boat forms of glucose

Video on Haworth projection formulae for glucose; chair and boat forms of glucose

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOv_I4HGsAE

Session 14

Topic: Glycogenesis

Video on Glycogenesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R6KB12Wtyw&t=76s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_5ubq6MikQ&t=283s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYIHdD4Jw-c

Slideshare link to Glycogenesis

https://www.slideshare.net/AnnMathew15/glycogenesis-90254197

Session 15

Topic: Glycogenolysis

Video on Glycogenolysis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R6KB12Wtyw&t=76s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0zRPLr5L1Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-HgDkWK3P0&t=7s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCFAGNb5exk

Slideshare link to Glycogenolysis

https://www.slideshare.net/YESANNA/glycogenolysis-42953316

https://www.slideshare.net/gulmuneer7/glycogenolysis-28308972

Session 16

Topic: Glycolysis

Video on Glycolysis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk&t=113s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDq1rhUkV-g&t=113s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7J4LXs-oDCU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WO-YKeJF_zc

Slideshare link to Glycolysis

https://www.slideshare.net/prabeshrajjk/lecture-13-40727535

https://www.slideshare.net/nj1992/glycolysis-34505462

Session 17

Topic: Citric acid cycle

Video on Citric acid cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM&t=84s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SkPwVO9BFI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WO-YKeJF_zc

Slideshare link to Citric acid cycle

https://www.slideshare.net/cedrickalguzar/krebs-cycle-31816106

Session 18

Topic: Components of respiratory chain

Video on Components of respiratory chain

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkYEYjintqU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBl3U-T5Nvk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y1dO4nNaKY

Session 19

Topic: Energy relationships during cell respiration

Video on Energy relationships during cell respiration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdF3mnyS1p0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jU2lnPwTXP0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAybMbGkngU&t=428s

Session 20

Topic: Types of respiration

Video on Types of respiration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39HTpUG1MwQ

Slideshare link to Types of respiration

https://www.slideshare.net/FIRDOUS88/respiration-12818683

Session 21

Topic: HMP shunt Pathway

Video on HMP shunt

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQfAKnXdBwg&t=5s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPmF7H1AOT0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgu3_WJY62w&t=239s

Slideshare link to HMP Shunt Pathway

https://www.slideshare.net/YESANNA/hmp-shunt-pathway

Session 22

Topic: Gluconeogenesis

Video on Gluconeogenesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0epBvl0HTeY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg&t=102s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-WXvNPxqvM

Slideshare link to Gluconeogenesis

https://www.slideshare.net/YESANNA/gluconeogenesis-its-regulation

https://www.slideshare.net/ArunViswanathan3/gluconeogenesis-the-pathway-and-regulation

Session 23

Topic: Regulation of blood glucose level

Video on Regulation of blood glucose level

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYH1deu7-4E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1c6a0BNsyek

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYH1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJGjNTJgf48

Slideshare link to Regulation of blood glucose level

https://www.slideshare.net/ashokktt/regulation-of-blood-glucose-levels

Session 24

Practice session

Topic:Estimation of Glucose in urine

Video on Estimation of Glucose in urine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-atHARq0JbQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmBHnmQvXKE

Procedure to perform Estimation of Glucose in urine

http://www.gmcsurat.edu.in/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=biochemistry:method_of_glucose_analysis_2018.pdf

Session 25

Practice session

Topic: Estimation of Glucose in blood

Video on Estimation of Glucose in blood

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyGIvs9zrVA

Procedure to perform Estimation of Glucose in blood

https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-sugar-tests#sources

Session 26

Topic: Amino acids

Video on Amino acids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shM19vvmhWE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8PxCiW3j24

Slideshare link on Amino acids

https://www.slideshare.net/ms_optimisstic/amino-acids-13517321

Session 27

Topic: Classification, essential & non-essential amino acids

Video on Classification, essential & non-essential amino acids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmbcA1Sav7s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mfo8jItCnBI

Slideshare link to Classification, essential & non-essential amino acids

https://www.slideshare.net/gangadharchatterjee/chemistry-of-amino-acids-and-protein

https://www.slideshare.net/ArjunKumar314/classification-of-amino-acids-81980287

https://www.slideshare.net/madhula/amino-acids-55336946

Session 28

Topic: Chemistry of Proteins & their related metabolism

Video on Chemistry of Proteins & their related metabolism

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSCUAjZQhXI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8PxCiW3j24

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvTv8TqWC48

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL7-fYBtJ1Y

Slideshare link to Chemistry of Proteins

Session 29

Topic: Classification of Proteins

Video on Classification of Proteins

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXBubSuR-2w

Session 30

Topic: Biomedical importance of Proteins

Video on Biomedical importance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSKPgaSGSYA

Session 31

Topic: Ammonia formation & transport

Video on Ammonia formation & transport

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ml4swq5LyA

Slideshare link to Ammonia formation & transport

https://www.slideshare.net/rohinisane/metabolism-of-ammonia

Session 32

Topic: Transamination, Decarboxylation

Video on Transamination, Decarboxylation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sao0NaY4IL0

Slideshare link to Transamination

https://www.slideshare.net/rohinisane/transamination-deamination-69296197

Session 33

Topic: Urea cycle, metabolic disorders in urea cycle

Video on Urea cycle, metabolic disorders in urea cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zrh4rvq_z4g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9sX-0YvIuk&t=93s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt-hNq9ZHSk

Slideshare link to Urea cycle, metabolic disorders in urea cycle

https://www.slideshare.net/maulikpatel180/urea-cycle-120188130

Session 34

Topic: Catabolism of amino acids

Video on Catabolism of amino acids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7-J6V8YXiw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpoXPnkfbmY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iq0klfZMo8

Slideshare link to Catabolism of amino acids

https://www.slideshare.net/drashokkumarj/formation-of-ammonia-and-urea-cycle

Session 35

Practice session

Topic: Estimation of Protein in urine

Video on Estimation of Protein in urine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRb1qtitT1M

Procedure to perform Estimation of Protein in urine

https://www.jbc.org/content/176/3/1421.full.pdf

https://www.portea.com/labs/diagnostic-tests/urine-protein-24-hour-urinary-protein-4/

Session 36

Practice session

Topic: Estimation of Protein in blood

Video on Estimation of Protein in blood

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3id3MJlpFKk

Procedure to perform Protein in blood

http://www.lfp.cuni.cz/biochemie/en/pages/vyuka/materialy/PRO_I.pdf

Session 37

Topic: Chemistry of Lipids

Video on Chemistry of Lipids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BBYBRWzsLA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVxeeiR7JB0

Slideshare link to Lipids

https://www.slideshare.net/DeepakKumarGupta2/lipids-50519311

Session 38

Topic: Classification of Lipids

Video on Classification of Lipids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxjwAD6WXP8

Session 39

Topic: Biomedical importance of Lipids

Video on Biomedical importance of Lipids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkKH8lTxvzA

Slideshare link on Biomedical importance of Lipids

https://www.slideshare.net/namarta28/lipid-chemistry

Session 40

Topic: Essential fatty acids

Video on Essential fatty acids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh3eoIzdrdI

Slideshare link to Essential fatty acids

https://www.slideshare.net/DrLouay/essential-fatty-acids-58194571

Session 41

Topic: Beta oxidation of fatty acids

Video on Beta oxidation of fatty acids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__jS-pjzb5k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZufZvbhPpws

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slCmrtFHFQQ

Slideshare link to Beta oxidation of fatty acids

https://www.slideshare.net/YESANNA/betaoxidation-of-fatty-acids

Session 42

Topic: Fatty liver

Video on Fatty liver

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjhNVDuQer4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YqGIyMYEuA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-Fxlsb2dtQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvyjAaVAmUA

Slideshare link to Fatty Liver

https://www.slideshare.net/Lazoithelife/fatty-liver-81705612

https://www.slideshare.net/anurag_yadav/fatty-liver-biochemistry-128193177

Session 43

Topic: Ketogenesis

Video on Ketogenesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaMCMukJPUs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK9Q2ClI8y4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC9NmcaKX-w

Slideshare link to Ketogenesis

https://www.slideshare.net/drzahidazeem/ketogenesis-16617083

Session 44

Topic: Cholesterol & it's clinical significance

Video on Cholesterol & it's clinical significance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U7YHRW5dyc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkKH8lTxvzA&t=4s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U7YHRW5dyc

Slideshare link to Cholesterol & it's clinical significance

https://www.slideshare.net/melbiashine/cholestrol-amp-its-significance

Session 45

Topic: Lipoproteins in the blood composition & their functions

Video on Lipoproteins in the blood composition & their functions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkKH8lTxvzA

Slideshare link to Lipoproteins in the blood composition & their functions

https://www.slideshare.net/NikhilManoharan1/lipoprotein-95913913

Session 46

Topic: Atherosclerosis

Video on Atherosclerosis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHE1ig4k64M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6QJceOAVY0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fuvtMiZfao

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6QTiBfzULE

Slideshare link to Atherosclerosis

https://www.slideshare.net/namarta28/atherosclerosis-15191869

Session 47

Topic: Diabetes mellitus

Video on Diabetes mellitus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfyGv-xwjlI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxOXPVW4ZCc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0KPwTy0W9k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJGjNTJgf48

Slideshare link to Diabetes mellitus

https://www.slideshare.net/100002840600351/diabetes-mellitus-72487523

https://www.slideshare.net/varinderkumar62/diabetes-mellitus-introductiontypes-of-diabetes-mellitus

https://www.slideshare.net/saeidzaxo/diabetes-mellitus-made-easy-79062911

Session 48

Topic: Glucose tolerance test

Video on Glucose tolerance test

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBOyi5Y4LmM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWoB_ddWiFc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgV09el44vI

Slideshare link to Glucose tolerance test

https://www.slideshare.net/namarta28/glucose-tolerance-test

https://www.slideshare.net/ashokktt/glucose-tolerance-test-60080797

Session 49

Topic: Glycosuria

Video on Glycosuria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9m5wOIVKhs

Slideshare link to Glycosuria

https://www.slideshare.net/sharlenesy/glucosuria

https://www.slideshare.net/HakeemMshaiel/glycosuria-and-polyuria-slide-show

Session 50

Topic: Hypoglycaemia & its causes

Video on Hypoglycaemia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GY5jtMQbtZo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP5rD8BS1O8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALLwJ2AIafg

Slideshare link to Hypoglycaemia

https://www.slideshare.net/anupbhatta/hypoglycemia-67493849

Session 51

Practice session

Topic:Estimation of Bile pigment in urine

Video on Estimation of Bile pigment in urine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHpTwihAx5U

Procedure to perform Estimation of Bile pigment in urine

https://www.myupchar.com/en/test/bile-pigment

Session 52

Practice session

Topic:Estimation of Bile pigment in urine

Video on Estimation of Bile pigment in urine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcJ31KS8U6M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac8gXAvHSPo

https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=17&sim=211&cnt=1

Case Studies

Case Studies