Breeding for Stress Resistance and Climate Change
Teacher
Dr. Vinay Kumar
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Course Name: Breeding for Stress Resistance and Climate Change
Code (Credit) : MGPB0516 (2-1-0)
Course Objectives
Summarise the past, present, and future use of plant genetic resources in plant breeding.
Provide examples of strategies and successes of employing plant genetic resources to help plants adapt to climate change.
To apprise about various abiotic and biotic stresses influencing crop yield, mechanisms and genetics of resistance and methods to breed stress tolerant varieties.
Explain the potential use of plant genetic resources in breeding for climate change mitigation.
Course Outcomes (CO) - Program Specific Outcome (PSO) Mapping
| COs | Course Outcomes | Mapping COs with PSOs |
| CO1 | To impart Knowledge and understanding of the climate change and its response on crop. | PSO1 |
| CO2 | Understanding the basic concepts of climate change and various techniques for development of hybrids in crop plants | PSO1, PSO3 |
| CO3 | Understanding about mechanisms to develop biotic and abiotic stress resistance through conventional and biotechnological approaches | PSO1, PSO3 |
PSO1: Impart knowledge and understanding of fundamental concepts and techniques of maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, crop production, crop management, crop improvement, biodiversity and sustainability of agriculture worldwide.
PSO3: Apply knowledge of basic science through Agricultural microbiology, Plant biochemistry and Biotechnology.
PSO4: Apply knowledge of Agri-business management and finance to develop profitable agricultural system.
Syllabus
Theory
Concept and impact of climatic change; Importance of plant breeding with special reference to biotic and abiotic stress resistance; Classification of biotic stresses - major pests and diseases of economically important crops. Concepts of resistance to insect and pathogen resistance; Analysis and inheritance of resistance variation; Host defense responses to pathogen invasions- Biochemical and molecular mechanisms; Acquired and induced immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR); Host-pathogen interaction, gene-for-gene hypothesis, molecular evidence for its operation and exceptions; Concept of signal transduction and other host-defence mechanisms against viruses and bacteria. Types and genetic mechanisms of resistance to biotic stresses –Horizontal and vertical resistance in crop plants; Quantitative resistance/ adult plant resistance and slow rusting resistance; Classical and molecular breeding methods - Measuring plant resistance using plant fitness; Behavioral, physiological and insect gain studies; Phenotypic screening methods for major pests and diseases; Recording of observations; Correlating the observations using marker data Gene pyramiding methods and their implications. Classification of abiotic stresses - Stress inducing factors, moisture stress/ drought and water logging and submergence; Acidity, salinity/ alkalinity/ sodicity; High/ low temperature, wind, etc.; Stress due to soil factors and mineral toxicity; Physiological and Phenological responses; Emphasis of abiotic stresses in developing breeding methodologies. Genetics of abiotic stress resistance; Genes and genomics in breeding cultivars suitable to low water regimes and water logging and submergence, high and low/ freezing temperatures; Utilizing MAS procedures for identifying resistant types in important crops like rice, sorghum, wheat, cotton, etc.; Breeding for resistance to stresses caused by toxicity, deficiency and pollutants/ contaminants in soil, water and environment. Use of crop wild relatives as a source of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors in major field crops; Transgenics in management of biotic and abiotic stresses, use of toxins, protease inhibitors, lectins, chitinases and Bt for diseases and insect pest management.
Practical
Understanding the climatological parameters and predisposal of biotic and abiotic stress factors - ways of combating them for diseases caused by fungi and bacteria; Symptoms and data recording; Use of MAS procedures; Phenotypic screening techniques for sucking pests and chewing pests - Traits to be observed at plant and insect level; Phenotypic screening techniques for nematodes and borers; Ways of combating them; Evaluating the available populations like RIL, NIL, etc. for pest resistance; Use of standard MAS procedures; Breeding strategies - Weeds ecological, environmental impacts on the crops; Breeding for herbicide resistance; Screening crops for drought and flood resistance; factors to be considered and breeding strategies; Screening varieties of major crops for acidity and alkalinity - their effects and breeding strategies; Screening forage crops for resistance to sewage water and tannery effluents; Quality parameters evaluation.
Reference Book
Blum A. 1988. Plant Breeding for Stress Environments. CRC Press.
Christiansen MN and Lewis CF. 1982. Breeding Plants for Less Favourable Environments, Wiley International.
Fritz RS and Simms EL. (Eds.). 1992. Plant Resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens: Ecology, Evolution and Genetics. The University of Chicago Press.
Li PH and Sakai A. 1987. Plant Cold Hardiness. Liss, New York Springer
Luginpill P. 1969. Developing Resistant Plants - The Ideal Method of Controlling Insects. USDA, ARS, Washington DC.
Maxwell FG and Jennings PR. (Eds.). 1980. Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects. John Wiley & Sons. Wiley-Blackwell.
Roberto F. 2018. Plant Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Springer.
Russell GE. 1978. Plant Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance. Butterworths. Sakai A and Larcher W. 1987. Frost Survival in Plants. Springer-Verlag.
Turener NC and Kramer PJ. 1980. Adaptation of Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress. John Wiley & Sons.
Van der Plank JE. 1982. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Plant Disease. Academic Press.
Session Plan
Session 2
Importance of plant breeding with special reference to biotic and abiotic stress resistance
Session 3
Classification of biotic stresses - major pests and diseases of economically important crops
Session 4
Concepts of resistance to insect and pathogen resistance
Session 5
Analysis and inheritance of resistance variation
http://polj.uns.ac.rs/~genetikans/documents/geneticka_otpornost_za_sve_teme.pdf
Session 6
Host defense responses to pathogen invasions - Biochemical and molecular mechanisms
Session 7
Acquired and induced immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
Session 10
Molecular evidence for its operation and exceptions
Session 11
Concept of signal transduction and other host - defence mechanisms against viruses and bacteria
Session 12
Types and genetic mechanisms of resistance to biotic stresses - Horizontal and vertical resistance in crop plants
Session 13
Quantitative resistance / adult plant resistance and slow rusting resistance
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01838/full
Session 14
Classical and molecular breeding methods - Measuring plant resistance using plant fitness Behavioural, physiological and insect gain studies
file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/The_intervention_of_classical_and_molecular_breedi.pdf
Session 15
Phenotypic screening methods for major pests and diseases
http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_improvement/crop_imprv_screen.html
Session 16
Recording of observations
Session 17
Correlating the observations using marker data Gene pyramiding methods and their implications
Session 18
Classification of abiotic stresses - Stress inducing factors, moisture stress/ drought and water logging and submergence
https://www.slideshare.net/AradhanaSen/abiotic-stress-classification-and-factors
Session 19
Abiotic stresses acidity and salinity
file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/Salicylic_acid-induced_abiotic_stress_tolerance_an.pdf
Session 20
Abiotic stresses alkalinity and sodicity
https://courseware.cutm.ac.in/wp-admin/post.php?post=71175&action=edit
Session 21
Abiotic Stresses high/ low temperature and wind
Session 22
Stress due to soil factors and mineral toxicity
https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/17238/1/Minral_str_als_jaipur.pdf
Session 23
Physiological and Phenological responses
Session 24
Emphasis of abiotic stresses in developing breeding methodologies
https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue3/PartO/7-2-566-721.pdf
Session 25
Genetics of abiotic stress resistance
file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/MickelbartHasegawaBailey-Serresnrg_15.pdf
Session 26
Genes and genomics in breeding cultivars suitable to low water regimes and water logging and submergence, high and low/ freezing temperatures
Session 27
Utilizing MAS procedures for identifying resistant types in important crops like rice, sorghum, wheat and cotton
Session 28
Breeding for resistance to stresses caused by toxicity, deficiency and pollutants/ contaminants in soil, water and environment
file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/BreedingforAbioticStresses.pdf
Session 29
Use of crop wild relatives as a source of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors in major field crops
Session 30
Transgenics in management of biotic and abiotic stresses
Session 31
Use of toxins, protease inhibitors, lectins
Session 32
Chitinases and BT for diseases and insect pest management
https://www.slideshare.net/TNAUgenomics/chitinase-genes-and-insect-management-in-crop-plants
Practical
Practice 1 - 2
To study the climatological parameters and predisposal of biotic and abiotic stress factors - ways of combating them for diseases caused by fungi and bacteria
Practice 3
To study symptoms and data recording techniques for biotic and abiotic stress in plants
Practice 4-5
To study phenotypic screening techniques for sucking pests and chewing pests - traits to be observed at plant and insect level
Practice 6
To study phenotypic screening techniques for nematodes and borers - traits to be observed at plant and insect level
Practice 8
To study breeding strategies - weeds ecological, environmental impacts on the crops
Practice 11
To study use of standard MAS procedure
Practice 12-13
To study screening crops for drought and flood resistance
file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/76193.pdf
file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/An_effective_field_screening_method_for_flood_tole.pdf
Practice 14
To study screening varieties of major crops for acidity and alkalinity - their effects and breeding strategies
Practice 15
To study screening forage crops for resistance to sewage water and tannery effluents
ASSIGNMENT
Our Main Teachers
I am a Plant breeder, Now working on application of nano particles in post harvest management of horticultural crops, mainly Onion. I along with co-workers reported first time worldwide a colorimetric sensor for visual detection of post harvest spoilage of onions. I have keen interest in horticultural crops and its value addition.