Course Objectives

• To impart knowledge on various process technologies for cereals, pulses, oilseeds and their handling and conveying equipment.
• Understand the working principles and selection procedure of different machineries used for processing of cereals, pulses and oilseeds.
• Know the different uses of byproducts obtained from cereals, pulses and oilseed

Course Outcomes

CO1: Know the different unit operations in the processing of major cereals, pulses and oilseeds: PO1, PO2, PO5

CO2: Higher studies and research in the relevant areas: PO4, PO12

CO3: To become an entrepreneur through agro-processing: PO2, PO11

Program Outcomes

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identity, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Course Syllabus

MODULE 1:

Cleaning and grading, aspiration, scalping; size separators, screens, sieve analysis, capacity and effectiveness of screens. Various types of separators: specific gravity, magnetic, disc, spiral, pneumatic, inclined draper, velvet roll, colour sorters.

Size reduction: principle, Bond’s law, Kick’s law, Rittinger’s law, procedure (crushing, impact, cutting and shearing), Size reduction machinery: Jaw crusher, Hammer mill, Plate mill, Ball mill.

Material handling equipment. Types of conveyors: Belt, roller, chain and screw. Elevators: bucket, Pneumatic conveying.

Practice:
1. Performance evaluation of different types of cleaners and separators
2. Determination of separation efficiency
3. Study of different size reduction machines and performance evaluation
4. Study of different types of conveying and elevating equipments,

MODULE 2:

Drying: moisture content and water activity; Free, bound and equilibrium moisture content, isotherm, hysteresis effect, EMC determination, Psychrometric chart and its use in drying, Drying principles and theory, Thin layer and deep bed drying analysis, Falling rate and constant rate drying periods, maximum and decreasing drying rate period, drying equations, Mass and energy balance, Different types of grain dryers: bin, flat bed, LSU, columnar, RPEC, fluidized, rotary and tray.

Practice:
1. Determination of separation efficiency
2. Study of different size reduction machines and performance evaluation
3. Determination of fineness modulus and uniformity index
4. Study of conveying and elevating equipment

MODULE 3:

Milling of rice: Conditioning and parboiling, advantages and disadvantages, traditional methods, CFTRI and Jadavpur methods, Pressure parboiling method, Types of rice mills, Modern rice milling, different unit operations and equipment. Milling of wheat, unit operations and equipment. Milling of pulses: traditional milling methods, commercial methods, pre-conditioning, dry milling and wet milling methods: CFTRI and Pantnagar methods. Pulse milling machines, Milling of corn and its products. Dry and wet milling. Milling of oilseeds: mechanical expression, screw press, hydraulic press, solvent extraction methods, preconditioning of oilseeds, refining of oil.

Practice:
1. Measurement of moisture content: dry basis and wet basis
2. Study on drying characteristics of grains and determination of drying constant
3. Determination of EMC (Static and dynamic method)
4. Study of various types of dryers
5. Study of different equipment in rice mills
6. Study of different equipment in pulse mills and their performance evaluation
7. Study of different equipment in oil mills and their performance evaluation
8. Type of process flow charts with examples relating to processing of cereals pulses and oil seeds
9. Visit to rice mill, pulse mill and oil mill.

MODULE 4:

Mixing: Theory of mixing of solids and pastes, Mixing index, types of mixers for solids, liquid foods and pastes. Extrusion cooking: principle, factors affecting, single and twin screw extruders. By-products utilization of rice milling.

Practice:
1. Study of different types of mixers.
2. Study of different type of extruder

References:
1. Chakraverty, A. Post Harvest Technology of cereals, pulses and oilseeds. Oxford & IBH publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
2.Sahay, K.M. and Singh, K.K. 1994. Unit operations of Agricultural Processing. Vikas Publishing house Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Session Plan

Session 1

Cleaning and Grading of Grains: Actual screen and Ideal screen, effectiveness of screen, scalping and sieve analysis – related problems

Session 2

Cleaning, Grading, Separation Equipment: Specific gravity, magnetic, disc, spiral, pneumatic, inclined draper, velvet roll, colour sorters and cyclone separator.

Session 3

Size reduction: principle, Bond’s law, Kick’s law, Rittinger’s law, procedure (crushing, impact, cutting and shearing)

Session 4

Size reduction machinery: Jaw crusher, Hammer mill, Plate mill, Attrition mill, Ball Mill.

Session 5

Material handling equipment. Types of conveyors: Belt, roller, chain and screw.

Session 6

Elevators: bucket, Pneumatic conveying.

Session 7

Moisture content and water activity: EMC determination, Psychrometric chart.

Session 8

Drying principles and theory: Thin layer and deep bed drying analysis, Falling rate and constant rate drying periods.

Session 9

Maximum and decreasing drying rate periods, Drying equations, Mass and energy balance.

Session 10

Different types of grain dryers: bin, flat bed, LSU, columnar, RPEC, fluidized, rotary and tray.

Session 11

Parboiling: Concept, Methods- Traditional and Modern: CFTRI, Jadavpur, Pressure Parboiling.

Session 12

Rice Milling: Modern rice milling, different unit operations and equipment involved.

Session 13

Wheat Milling: Unit operations and equipment.

Session 14

Milling of pulses: traditional milling methods, commercial methods, Pre-conditioning.

Session 15

Milling of pulses, dry milling and wet milling methods.

Session 16

CFTRI and Pantnagar methods, Pulse milling machines.

Session 17

Milling of corn and its products: Dry and wet milling.

Session 18

Milling of oilseeds: mechanical expression, screw press, hydraulic press.

Session 19

Milling of oilseeds: solvent extraction methods, preconditioning of oilseeds, refining of oil.

Session 20

Mixing: Theory of mixing of solids and pastes, Mixing index, types of mixers for solids, liquid foods and pastes.

Session 21

Extrusion cooking: principle, factors affecting, single and twin screw extruders.

Session 22

By-products utilization of rice milling: Husk and Bran.

Practice:

• Measurement of moisture content: dry basis and wet basis.
• Determination of EMC (Static and dynamic method).
• Determination of separation efficiency.
• Determination of fineness modulus and uniformity index.
• Study of different equipment in rice mills.
• Study of different equipment in pulse mills.
• Study of different equipment in oil mills.
• Type of process flow charts with examples relating to processing of cereals pulses and oil seeds.
• Visit to rice mill, pulse mill and oil mill.
• Study of twin screw extruder.