Course Name: HYBRID BREEDING
Hybrid Breeding
Teacher
Dr. Swapnil
Category
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Course Credit: MGPB0509 (2-1-0)
Course Objective
To understand the basics of hybrid development using genetic pollination control mechanism in different crops, basic to advanced studies in heterosis phenomenon and fixation of heterosis.
Course Outcomes (CO)- Program Specific Outcome (PSO) Mapping
| COs | Course Outcomes | Mapping COs with PSOs |
| CO1 | An overview of various kinds of male sterility and their utilization in hybrid seed production of important field crops | PSO1 |
| CO2 | Understanding the basic concepts of hybrid varieties and various techniques for development of hybrids in crop plants | PSO1, PSO4 |
| CO3 | Understanding about mechanisms of heterosis and its exploitation for yield improvement through conventional and biotechnological approaches | PSO1, PSO3 |
PSO1 : Impart knowledge and understanding of fundamental concepts and techniques of maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, crop production, crop management, crop improvement, biodiversity and sustainability of agriculture worldwide.
PSO3 : Apply knowledge of basic science through Agricultural microbiology, Plant biochemistry and Biotechnology.
PSO4 : Apply knowledge of Agri-business management and finance to develop profitable agricultural system.
Course Syllabus
Theory
Unit 1: historical aspect of heterosis, nomenclature and definitions of heterosis; Heterosisin natural population and inbred population; Evolutionary aspects – Genetic consequences of selfing, sibbing and crossing in self-and cross-pollinated and asexually propagated crops; Pre-Mendelian and Post-Mendelian ideas – Evolutionary concepts of heterosis; Genetic theories of heterosis – Physiological, Biochemical and molecular factors underlining heterosis; theories and their estimation; Biometrical basis of heterosis.
Unit II: Prediction of heterosis from various crosses, inbreeding depression, coefficient of inbreeding and its estimation, residual heterosis in F2 and segregating populations, importance of inbreeding in exploitation of heterosis – case studies.; Relationship between genetic distance and expression of heterosis, case studies; Divergence and genetic distance analyses, morphological and molecular genetic distance in predicting heterosis; Development of heterotic pools in germplasm/ genetic stocks and inbreeds, their improvement for increasing heterosis.
Unit III: :Male sterility and use in heterosis breeding; Male sterile line creation and diversification in self-pollinated, cross pollinated and asexually propagated crops; Creation of male sterility through genetic engineering and its exploitation in heterosis; Maintenance, transfer and restoration of different types of male sterility; Use of self-incompatibility in development of hybrids.
Unit IV: Hybrid seed production system: 3-line, 2-line and 1-line system; Development of inbreeds and parental lines- A, B and R lines – functional male sterility; Commercial exploitation of heterosis, maintenance breeding of parental lines in hybrids; Fixation of heterosis in self, cross and often cross pollinated crops, asexually/ clonally propagated crops, problems and prospects; Apomixis in fixing heterosis-concept of single line hybrid; Organellar heterosis and complementation.
Unit V: Hybrid breeding in wheat, rice, cotton, maize, pearl millet, sorghum and rapeseed- mustard, sunflower, safflower and castor oilseed crops and pigeonpea.
Practical
Characterization of male sterile lines using morphological descriptors; Restorer line identification and diversification of male sterile sources; Male sterile line creation in crop plants, problems in creation of CGMS system, ways of overcoming them; Diversification and restoration; Success stories of hybrid breeding in Maize, Rice, Pearl millet, Sorghum and Pigeon pea; Understanding the difficulties in breeding apomicts; Estimation of heterotic parameters in self, cross and asexually propagated crops; Estimation from the various models for heterosis parameters; Hybrid seed production in field crops—an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it; Hybrid breeding at National and International level, opportunities ahead.
Text books/References
- Agarwal L. (1998). Fundamental of Plant Breeding and hybrid Seed Production, Science Publisher London
- Chahal S and Gosal SS. (2002). Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding: Biotechnological and Conventional Approaches, Narosa
- Mukherjee BK. (1995) The Heterosis Phenomenon, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
- Banga and Banga. (1998). Hybrid cultivar development, Narosa Publications
- Singh BD. (2015). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods, Kalyani Publications
- Virmani SS. (1994). Heterosis and Hybrid Rice Breeding, Springer-Verlag publishers
Session 1
Historical aspect of heterosis - Nomenclature and definitions of heterosis; Heterosis in natural population and inbred population
Session 2
Genetic consequences self-and cross-pollinated and asexually propagated crops
Watch link:https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_improvement/crop_imprv_breeding_methods.html
Session 3
Genetic theories of heterosis
Watch link 1: https://agriinfo.in/theories-of-heterosis-1756/
Watch link 2:https://biotecharticles.com/Agriculture-Article/Heterosis-Its-Types-and-Theories-4178.html
Session 4
Physiological, Biochemical and molecular factors underlining heterosis; theories and their estimation
Session 5
Prediction of heterosis from various crosses
Session 6
Inbreeding depression, coefficient of inbreeding and its estimation, residual heterosis in F2 and segregating populations
INBREEDING AND OUT BREEDING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN HETEROSIS CONCEPTS
Session 7
Importance of inbreeding in exploitation of heterosis
Session 8
Difference between heterosis and inbreeding depression
Session 9
Divergence and Genetic Distance analyses morphological and molecular genetic distance in predicting heterosis
Session 10
Development of heterotic pools in germplasm/ genetic stocks and inbreds, their improvement for increasing heterosis
Session 11
Male sterility, Types of MS and use in heterosis breeding
Session 12
Male sterile line creation and diversification in self-pollinated, cross pollinated and asexually propagated crops
Session 13
Creation of male sterility through genetic engineering and its exploitation in heterosis
Session 14
Maintenance, transfer and restoration of different types of male sterility
Session 15
Use of self-incompatibility in development of hybrids
Session 16
Hybrid seed production system: 3-line, 2-line and 1-line system
Session 17
Development of inbreds and parental lines- A, B and R lines – functional male sterility
Session 18
Commercial exploitation of heterosis
Session 19
Maintenance breeding of parental lines in hybrids
Session 20
Fixation of heterosis in self, cross and often cross-pollinated crops, asexually/clonally propagated crops, problems and prospect
Session 21
Apomixis in fixing heterosis-concept of single line hybrid
Session 22
Organellar heterosis and complementation
Session 23
Hybrid breeding in wheat
Session 24
Hybrid breeding in rice
Session 25
Hybrid breeding in cotton
Session 26
Hybrid breeding in maize
Session 27
Hybrid breeding in pearl millet
Session 28
Hybrid breeding in sorghum
Session 29
Hybrid breeding in pigeon pea
Session 30
Hybrid breeding in rapeseed and mustard
Session 31
Hybrid breeding in sunflower
Session 32
Hybrid breeding in castor, oilseed crops
EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS IN CASTOR
EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS IN OILSEEDS – SESAME, GROUNDNUT AND SUNFLOWER
Practical Session 1
Characterization of male sterile lines using morphological descriptors
Watch link 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yqdEFeI9ZM
Watch link 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yqdEFeI9ZM
Practical Session 2
Restorer line identification and diversification of male sterile sources
Practical Session 3
Male sterile line creation in crop plants
Practical Session 4
Problems in creation of CGMS system
Practical Session 5
Diversification and restoration
Practical Session 6
Success stories of hybrid breeding in Maize, Rice, Pearl millet
Watch link: https://aicrpmaize.icar.gov.in/success-stories/success-story-of-baby-corn-hybrid-hm-4/
Practical Session 7
Success stories of hybrid breeding in Sorghum and Pigeon pea
Watch link: https://aicrp.icar.gov.in/sorghum/success-stories/
Practical Session 8
Understanding the difficulties in breeding apomicts
Practical Session 9
Estimation of heterotic parameters in self, cross and asexually propagated crops
Practical Session 10
Estimation from the various models for heterosis parameters
Watch link: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.643761/full
Practical Session 11
Hybrid seed production in field crops (Maize) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it
Practical Session 12
Hybrid seed production in field crops (Rice) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it
Practical Session 13
Hybrid seed production in field crops (Pearl millet) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it
Practical Session 14
Hybrid seed production in field crops (Sorghum) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it
Practical Session 15
Hybrid seed production in Pigeon pea
Practical Session 16
Hybrid breeding at National and International level, opportunities ahead
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