Course Objectives

To know various Culture media and their applications and also understand various physical and chemical means of sterilization .

Master aseptic techniques and be able to perform routine culture handling tasks safely and effectively.

To know the various Physical and Chemical growth requirements of microbes and get equipped with various methods of microbes culture techniques and their role in various industry.

Learning Outcomes

At the time of completion of the programme the student will have developed extensive knowledge in various areas of Microbiology.

They will be able to explain vaccine strategies and mechanisms of antiviral drugs and interferons.

Can know how viruses can be used as tools to study biological processes, as cloning vectors and for gene transfer.

Understand the interactions between viruses, bacteria and the host immune system.

The student will be instilled with values of professional ethics and be made ready to contribute to society as responsible individuals.

Course Syllabus

Module-I  

Bacteria and virus

Classification, taxonomy, cataloguing virus to ICTV and ICNV

Structural and genetic diversity of viruses
Transmission and Replication
Prions, Viriods, Anti viral agents, and Vaccines
Bacterial Classification ( phenetic, genetic and phyllogenetic)
Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology
Classification, Identification and Culturing Technique of cyanobacteria
Industrial Application, Cyanotoxins.

Practice 1: Preparation of bacterial smear and staining – Gram’s, Acid-fast, Staining of bacterial spores flagella, capsule, spirochaetes

Practice 2:Isolation, purification, identification and biomass production of cyanobacteria

Module 2

Microbial Physiology and Metabolism

Growth Kinetics, Growth cycle, Logistic growth equation,
Measurement and growth monitoring in culture, Factor affecting growth.

Photosynthetic pigments, Paths of carbon and electron in bacterial photosynthesis.
Fermentation, Respiratory metabolism, Embden-Meyerhoff pathway, Entner-Doudroff pathway, Pasteur Effect.

Practice 3: Methods for measurement of bacterial growth by haemocytometer and spectrophotometer

Module 3

Environmental Microbiology & Wastewater Management:

Microbes and quality of environment,  Biotransformations, Microbes in waste water management; Microbial degradation of pesticides, toxic chemicals, oil; Bioleaching, bioremediation.

Module 4

Agricultural and food Microbiology

Agriculturally important microorganisms, Mycorrhizae, Microbial mineralization, Microbial toxins, Biological control.

Microbial toxins produced in food items, Probiotics and preBiotics, Methods of food preservation, Microbiological legal standards of selected food and milk products.

Practice 4: Qualitative analysis of Milk and milk products; Microbiological analysis of food products; Detection of bacteria in milk by Standard plate count

Module 5
Medical Microbiology:

Host pathogen interactions,  Pathogenicity of bacteria invasiveness and toxigenicity, Constitutive and inducible host defence mechanism, Important diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, virus.

Antibiotics: Definition, phenomenon of antibiotics, Chemical and biochemical modification of antibiotic structures, assay and Mode of action, Biochemical mechanisms of resistance development, Multiple-drug resistance.

Practice 5: Antibiotic sensitivity test disc preparation; Antibiotic sensitivity test – Kirby – Bauer, Stoke’s; MIC determination by filter paper disc assay

Module 6

Industrial Microbiology

Cyanobacterial Biotechnology:

Application as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic, biofertilizer; application as biofuel, CO₂ sequestration and pollution control, Mass cultivation, Single cell protein.

Microbial enzymes: Sources, Large scale production, Recovery,
Microbial enzymes of industrial interest, Novel medicines from microbes, Biotechnologial application of Microbial enzyme, Use of Microbes in Biotechnology.

Bioprocess technology and Engineering:

Culture media (types, Different culturing Technique, Media formulation, Preservation of Microbes, Fermenter design and growth processes, Bioreactors, and Membrane Bio reactors,
Analysis of different bioreactors, stability of microbial reactors, specialized bioreactors. Isolation, preservation, and Maintenance of Industrial Microorganisms.

Practice 6: Preparation of different microbial culture media

Module 7

Microbial genetics

Lytic and Lysogenic cycle, Conjugation, Transduction, Recombination
Genetic regulation: Operon concept (lac,trp ara), Genetic mapping: Genome mapping of E. coli, QTL Mapping.
Molecular markers in genome analysis, RAPD, RFLP,AFLP, FISH and GISH.

Text Books:

Prescott, L. M., Harley, J. P. and Klen, D. A. (1999). Microbiology, 7^th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.

Pelczar, Jr., M. J., Chan E.C.S. and Krieg, N. R. (2005). Microbiology, 5th Ed, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

Alexopoulus, C. J., Mims, C. W. and Blackwel, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John Wiley, New York.

Kumar, H. D. (1988). Introductory Phycology. East-West Press, New Delhi.

Maloy, S. R., Cronan, J. E. Jr. and Freifielder, D. (2008). Microbial Genetics, 2nd Ed. Norosa, New Delhi.

Reference Books

Mehrotra, R. S. and Aneja, R. S. (1998). An Introduction to Mycology, New Age International, New Delhi

Agrios, G. N. (2005). Plant Pathology, 5th Ed, Elsevier Academic press, USA

Session Plan

Session-1

Bacteria and virus

Classification, taxonomy, cataloguing virus to ICTV and ICNV

https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/p/taxonomy_releases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GN2uG1p9NfA

Session 2 (Practice 1)

Preparation of bacterial smear and staining – Gram’s, Acid-fast, Staining of bacterial spores flagella, capsule, spirochaetes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2BPE7wIK20

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxa46xKfIOY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmfygqRQdeA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yttbfBsSgk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZGEhql02_I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXYfT5hSLoQ

Session 3

Structural and genetic diversity of viruses

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-9iUpFGbxE

https://www.slideshare.net/RIZWANABBAS3/viruses-structure-classification-and-characteristics

https://www.bellarmine.edu/faculty/dobbins/Secret%20Readings/Lecture%20Notes%20313/Ch06_.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/projct-viruses

Session 4

Transmission and Replication of virus.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DGkZ2AM7RU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjcsrU-ZmgY

https://www.slideshare.net/gurya87/virus-transmission

https://www.slideshare.net/hrgk/viral-replication-72120271

Session 5

Prions, viriods, anti viral agents, and vaccines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL0MipBY1n8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chTU792DWas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0tp26mTVz4

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/id/2005/MID40-HammerAntiviralsColor.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/maylowen13/virus-viroids-and-prions

Session 6

Bacterial Classification ( phenetic, genetic and phyllogenetic)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYla5QbLIIk

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/id/2009/introNotes.pdf

Session 7

Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN9d8bRStZo

https://www.slideshare.net/bm95/bergeys-classification-presentation

Session 8

Classification, Identification and Culturing Technique of cyanobacteria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FVluKNmDNY&t=52s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4iYSTE7M8

http://www.jlakes.org/config/news_images/hpkx/2017-06-22/art3A1011342FS0026261716040159.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/KartikMondal1/culture-of-blue-green-algae-and-its-importance

Session 9 (Practice 2)

Isolation and Culture of Cyanobacteria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AAB6RoO22qg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsuy36SqWLY

Session 10

Growth Kinetics, Growth cycle, Logistic growth equation, Measurement and growth monitoring in culture, Factor affecting growth

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfA-MHgi2ws

https://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/lecturenote/mic20/Chap06Growth.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/mohammedzahid3/microbial-growth-57494714

https://www.slideshare.net/guptaprachii/factors-affecting-the-growth-of-microbes

Session 11 (Practice 3)

Measurement of bacterial growth using Haemocytometer and Spectrophotometer

https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=73&sim=1105&cnt=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP0xERLUhyc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKS0KM3lr90&list=PL10WTjZXSIlG0rNnp3kbKS1EhyXbWCBjq&index=38

Session 12

Photosynthetic pigments, Paths of carbon and electron in bacterial photosynthesis, Fermentation, Respiratory metabolism,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5Nz4cQJ2u8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGjLP38s7ik

https://www.slideshare.net/SaajidaSultaana/photosynthetic-pigments-in-bacteria-132181712

https://www.slideshare.net/raiuniversity/bsc-micro-ii-microbial-physiology-unit-1-bacterial-photosynthesis

http://photobiology.info/Jones.html

http://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/Steven/Micro20%20Chapter%205.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/tamilsilambarasan/microbial-respiration

Session 13

Embden-Meyerhoff pathway, Entner-Doudroff pathway

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7J4LXs-oDCU&t=50s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tZaOSFlqLs&t=5s

https://www.slideshare.net/VBCOPS/glycolysis-ppt

https://www.slideshare.net/RamyaS96/alternative-pathways-88885476

Session 14

Microbes and quality of environment, Biotransformations, Microbes in waste water management

Microbes and quality of environment 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epAh6hHOq3c&t=23s

https://www.slideshare.net/zohaibkhan404/environmental-applications-of-microorganisms-critical-review-and-limitations

Biotransformations 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cKfc02OubA

http://web.cjcu.edu.tw/~jdwu/toxicology/chapter05b.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/sunheri2003/biotransformation-26484626

Microbes in waste water management 

https://www.slideshare.net/navairach77/microbes-in-waste-water-treatment

Session 15

Microbial degradation of pesticides, toxic chemicals, oil; Bioleaching, bioremediation,

Microbial degradation of pesticides: 

https://www.slideshare.net/Ankit9089343894/degradation-of-pesticides-and-other-toxic-chemicals-by-microorganisms

https://www.slideshare.net/aakvd/bio-degradation-of-pesticides-and-herbicides

toxic chemicals

bioleaching 

https://www.slideshare.net/PallaviShivankar1/bioleaching-126810118

bioremediation

https://www.slideshare.net/RIZWANABBAS3/bioremediation-clean-environment

Session 16

Agriculturally important microorganisms, Mycorrhizae,

Agriculturally important microorganisms, 

https://www.slideshare.net/jahidsania/importance-of-microorganism-in-agriculture

https://www.slideshare.net/ShanidShanu1/agricultural-microbiology

Session 17

Microbial mineralization, Microbial toxins, Biological control.

Microbial mineralization

https://www.slideshare.net/sumanverma22/biochemistry-of-geo-microbes-biomineralization

https://www.slideshare.net/SaajidaSultaana/biomineralization-88619310

Microbial toxins

https://www.slideshare.net/RaviKantAgrawal/classification-and-nomenclature-of-bacterial-toxins

biological control

Session 18

Microbial toxins produced in food items, Probiotics and preBiotics, Methods of food preservation, Microbiological legal standards of selected food and milk products,

Probiotics and preBiotics 

https://www.slideshare.net/151212345/prebiotic-and-probiotic

Methods of food preservation 

https://www.slideshare.net/mohitjindal/principles-and-methods-for-food-preservation-149113723

Microbiological legal standards of selected food and milk products 

https://www.slideshare.net/ektabelwal/milk-36869317

Session 19 (Practice 5)

Qualitative analysis of Milk and milk products; Microbiological analysis of food products; Detection of bacteria in milk by Standard plate count

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLaijPw50W8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAz0mF4hMmA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ4FVBn63FA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0bxQkzzqpI

Session 20

Host pathogen interactions, Pathogenicity of bacteria invasiveness and toxigenicity,
Constitutive and inducible host defence mechanism,

Host pathogen interactions 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTGS7ofvJtc

https://www.slideshare.net/Mansoorshafi2/host-pathogen-interaction-plants

host defence mechanism

https://www.slideshare.net/neerajgangwar142/host-pathogen-interactionpptx-new

Session 21

Important diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, virus.  Definition, phenomenon of antibiotics

Bacterial diseases 

https://www.slideshare.net/GURUINDIA2012/bacterial-diseases-final

Protozoa 

https://www.slideshare.net/SohilShah21/protozoal-diseases-and-helminthiasis

Viral 

https://www.slideshare.net/anniesj/viral-diseases

Definition, phenomenon of antibiotics:

https://www.slideshare.net/mohamedezz549221/antibiotics-46683217

Session 22

Chemical and biochemical modification of antibiotic structures, assay and mode of action.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx1uDYSfINA

https://www.slideshare.net/buner12345/bio-assy-of-antibiotics-amp-vit-d?next_slideshow=1

https://www.slideshare.net/hwrain/pharmacodynamics-of-antibiotics

Session 23 (Practice 6)

Antibiotic sensitivity test disc preparation; Antibiotic sensitivity test – Kirby – Bauer, Stoke’s ; MIC determination by filter paper disc assay

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Np87w5kCL-4&t=87s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx1uDYSfINA&t=14s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXr_kcki4Ag&t=28s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2L4MALp7vhU

Session 24

Biochemical mechanisms of resistance development, Multiple-drug resistance

Multiple drug resistance:

https://www.slideshare.net/specialclass/antibiotics-2173921

https://www.slideshare.net/sujitlost/newer-antibiotics-and-uses

drug resistance:

https://www.slideshare.net/SantoshYadav225/drug-resistance-mechanism

Session 25

Application of cyanobacteria as nutraceuticals, biofertilizer; application as biofuel

https://www.slideshare.net/AnnaMargaritaPineda/algae-products-and-their-medical-applications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxyvVkeW7Nk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjT187vjOP4

https://www.slideshare.net/NavneetKaur337/biofertilizers-ppt-76285633

Session 26

CO₂ sequestration and pollution control. Mass cultivation, Single cell protein

CO₂ sequestration and pollution control 

https://www.slideshare.net/Nimalan007/algae-based-co2-capture

Mass cultivation: 

https://www.slideshare.net/sivaramKrishna13/srkblue-green-algae-and-their-mass-multiplication

https://www.slideshare.net/KartikMondal1/blue-green-algae-42293784

Session 27

Microbial enzymes:Sources, Large scale production, Recovery,

Recovery 

Large scale production,

https://www.slideshare.net/NidaJaved5/ori-47397440

Session 28

Microbial enzymes, Novel medicines from microbes, Biotechnologial application of Microbial enzyme.

Microbial enzymes  

https://www.slideshare.net/eswar1810/enzymes-and-its-applications

Biotechnologial application : 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsmRmk_ARos

https://www.slideshare.net/eswar1810/enzymes-and-its-applications

Session 29

Bioprocess technology and Engineering:

Culture media (types, Different culturing Technique, Media formulation, Preservation of Microbes

Culture media (types) 

https://www.slideshare.net/KalpeshZunjarrao/cultural-media-methods

https://www.slideshare.net/AshfaqAhmad52/cultivation-of-bacteria-and-culture-methods

Different culturing Technique,

https://www.slideshare.net/romagoyal37/culture-methods-75698083

https://www.slideshare.net/eswar1810/media-formulation

Preservation of Microbes

https://www.slideshare.net/dipendramandal/preservation-of-bacteria-108358514

Session 30 (Practice 7)

Preparation of different microbial culture media

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cneascR3OEc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWu2IxzdNcw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKA_VLC4-jQ

Session 31

Fermenter design and growth processes, Bioreactors, and Membrane Bio reactors

Fermenter design

https://www.slideshare.net/himaharidasan/design-of-a-fermentor

Bioreactors 

https://www.slideshare.net/bhawnasingh11/bioreactor-70328479

Membrane Bio reactors

https://www.slideshare.net/vaibhav_nautiyal/membrane-bioreactor-technology-an-overview

Session 32

Analysis of different bioreactors, stability of microbial reactors, specialized bioreactors

Analysis of different bioreactors,
stability 

specialized bioreactors

https://www.slideshare.net/RIZWANABBAS3/bireactors

Session 33

Lytic and Lysogenic cycle, Conjugation,Transduction, Recombination

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LTPF-jCraI&t=180s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI

https://www.slideshare.net/mrtangextrahelp/07-lytic-vs-lysogenic-cycle

https://www.slideshare.net/krishnashah5891004/recombination-in-bacteria-88117548

https://www.slideshare.net/DeeshmaKp/6-genetic-recombination-in-prokaryotes

Session 34

Genetic regulation: Operon concept (lac, trp, ara)

Gene regulation: 

https://www.slideshare.net/ViyatprajnaAcharya/regulation-of-gene-expression-135755100

Lac operon:

https://www.slideshare.net/9731696094/regulation-of-lac-operon-positive-nd-negative

Trp operon:

https://www.slideshare.net/georgeoajr/trp-operon-107712378

https://agrilife.org/gold/files/2012/09/Lecture-29.pdf

Ara operon:

http://mol-biol4masters.masters.grkraj.org/html/Gene_Expression_I5C-Arabinose_Operon.htm

Session 35

Genetic mapping:

Genome mapping of E. coli, QTL Mapping, Molecular markers in genome analysis

QTL mapping: 

https://www.slideshare.net/manjunathkencharahut/qtl-mapping-analysis

https://www.slideshare.net/AhmedSallam1/quantitative-trait-loci-qtl-analysis-and-its-applications-in-plant-breeding

Gene mapping in E coli: 

https://www.slideshare.net/meisam1299/mapping-the-genome-of-bacteria

Molecular markers:

https://www.slideshare.net/FAOoftheUN/molecular-markers-types-and-

applications-55688001

https://www.slideshare.net/RachanaBagudam/molecular-markers-161918097

Session 36

Molecular markers in genome analysis, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, FISH and GISH.

Florescence in situ hybridization

FISH: 

https://www.slideshare.net/gauravraja4/fish-fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA

RAPD: 

https://www.slideshare.net/preethasingha/rapd-ppt

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

RFLP: 

https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0002923/Files/18591_Restriction%20Fragment%20Length%20Polymorphism.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/amitkumar2981/molecular-markers-in-genome-analysis-rflp

Amplified fragment length polymorphism

AFLP:

https://www.uibk.ac.at/botany/staff/publikationen/schoenswetter_peter/63.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/6263234147/molecular-marker-aflp-and-application?

Genomic in situ hybridization

GISH:

https://www.slideshare.net/sandeshGM/gish-and-fish

Case Studies

Case Studies