Molecular Biology
Teacher
Dr. Sagarika Parida
Category
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Course Name : Molecular Biology
Code(Credit) : CUTM1462(3-2-1)
Course Objectives
• Molecular biology deals with nucleic acids and proteins and how these molecules
interact within the cell to promote proper growth, division, and development
• This course will emphasize the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, repair,
protein synthesis etc.
Course Outcomes
|
COs |
Course Outcome |
Mapping COs with POs (High-3, Medium-2, Low-1) |
|
CO1 |
Gain an understanding of chemical nature of biological macromolecules and molecular processes that occur in and between cells |
PO1-3, PO3-2, PO4-2 |
CO2 |
Learn about DNA, RNA regulation and replication, mutations, DNA repair mechanism |
PO1-3, PO2-3, PO4-2 |
CO3 |
Can investigate nucleic acid in the samples and can pursue higher studies and research |
PO1-3, PO2-3, PO4-3, PO5-2 |
Course Syllabus
Module I
Nucleic acids: Carriers of genetic information: Historical perspective; DNA as the carrier of genetic information: Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase, Avery, McLeod & McCarty, Fraenkel-Conrat’s experiment.
Practice:
1. Safety guide lines and regulations in Laboratory of molecular biology
2. Reagent and solution preparation and micropipetting excercise
Module-II
The Structures of DNA and RNA/Genetic Material: DNA Structure: Watson and Crick model of DNA, Salient features of double helix, Types of DNA, Types of genetic material, denaturation and renaturation, cot curves
Practice:
3. Isolation of DNA from leaves
4. Isolation of DNA from ripe banana
5. DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent
6. DNA estimation by UV Spectrophotometry
7. DNA estimation by Witham et. al.(1971) method
Module-III
Organization of DNA: Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes.
Organelle DNA: Mitochondria and chloroplast DNA;
The Nucleosome: Chromatin structure, Euchromatin, Heterochromatin: Constitutive and Facultative heterochromatin; RNA Structure
Practice:
8. Structure of DNA through photographs
Module-IV
The replication of DNA: Chemistry of DNA synthesis (Kornberg’s discovery); General principles –bidirectional, semiconservative and semi discontinuous replication, RNA priming; Various models of DNA replication, including rolling circle, θ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear ds-DNA, replication of the 5’end of linear chromosome; Enzymes involved in DNA replication.
Central dogma and genetic code:The Central Dogma (Adaptor hypothesis and discovery of mRNA template);
Genetic code: Deciphering & salient features of genetic code
Practice:
9. Study of Rolling circle DNA replication mechanisms through photographs
10. Study of Theta model of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs
11. Study of semi-discontinuous DNA replication mechanisms through photographs
Module-V
Transcription: Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Principles of transcriptional regulation
Prokaryotes: Regulation of lactose metabolism and tryptophan synthesis in E.coli.
Eukaryotes: transcription factors; Gene silencing.
Module-VI
Processing and modification of RNA: Split genes:concept of introns and exons, removal of introns,spliceosome machinery, splicing pathways, group I and group II intron splicing, alternative splicing eukaryotic mRNA processing(5’ cap, 3’ polyA tail); Ribozymes; RNA editing and mRNA transport.
Practice:
12. Study of Splicing mechanism in group I & group II introns
Module-VII
Translation: Ribosome structure and assembly, mRNA; Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases;
Various steps in protein synthesis: proteins involved in initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides;Inhibitors of protein synthesis; Post- translational modifications of proteins.
Text Book:
1. N. Arumugam,(2012) Molecular Biology, Saras Publication
2. Verma P.S. Agarwal V.K. (2010) Molecular Biology, S.Chand & Co.
Reference Books:
1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & sons, India. 8th edition.
2. Watson J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losick, R. (2007). Molecular Biology of the Gene, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press, New York, U.S.A. 6th edition.
Session Plan
Session 1
Nucleic acids: Carriers of genetic information: Historical perspective; DNA as the carrier of genetic information
Session 2
Classic experiments: DNA as the genetic material: Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase experiments
Session 3
Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod Experiments: Identifying the transforming principle
How Did Scientists Prove That DNA Is Our Genetic Material-E notes
Session 4
Hershey-Chase experiments: DNA as the genetic material
Hershey-Chase experiments-E notes
<a href="https://www.slideshare.net/SamPandian/hershey-and-chase" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank
Session 5
Practice 1 (2 hours)
Safety guide lines and regulations in Laboratory of molecular biology
Molecular Biology Laboratory Structure and Safety Behaviors-Youtube
Session 6
Practice 2 (2 hours)
Reagent and solution preparation and micropipetting excercise
Session 7
Frankel-Conrat's Experiments: RNA is the genetic material
Session 8
The Structures of DNA: Watson and Crick-Model
Session 9
DNA double helix: Salient features
Session 10
Session 11
Denaturation and renaturation of DNA: Characterization of DNA denaturation and reannealing
Session 12
Cot Curves: Cot value, cot curve analysis
Session 13
Practice 3 (2 hours)
Isolation of DNA from ripe banana
Session 14
Practice 4 (2 hours)
Bacterial genomic DNA isolation
Session 15
Organization of DNA: Prokaryotes, Viruses
Prokaryotic DNA organization-E notes
organisation of DNA in bacteria- E notes
Session 16
Session 17
The Nucleosome: Chromatin structure
Session 18
Practice 5 (2 hours)
DNA estimation by UV Spectrophotometry
Session 19
Practice 6 (2 hours)
DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent
Session 20
Types of Chromatin: Euchromatin, Heterochromatin, Difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin
Chromatin structure-Euchromatin and heterochromatin-Slideshare
Session 21
Assignment 2
Heterochromatin: Types: Constitutive and Facultative heterochromatin
Concept and types of heterochromatin-E notes
Session 22
Assignment 3
Organelle DNA: Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA
Organellar genome and inheritance-Slideshare
Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA-Slideshare
Mitochondria and chloroplast structure and genome organisation-Slideshare
Session 23
RNA: Structure and function of RNA
Structure and Function of RNA-E notes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDYkt1RN_YY&t=11s-Youtube animated
Session 24
Practice 7 (2 hours)
DNA isolation from leaves
DNA Isolation
Session 25
Practice 8 (2 hours)
DNA estimation by Witham et. al.(1971)
Session 26
The replication of DNA: Mechanisms of DNA replication, Chemistry of DNA synthesis (Kornberg’s discovery)
Explain DNA Replication-Youtube
Major Molecular Events of DNA Replication-E notes
Arthur Kornberg discovered (the first) DNA polymerase-E notes
Session 27
Assignment 4
General principles of replication: Bidirectional, semi-conservative
Bi directional replication-Youtube
Enzymes in DNA replication-Youtube
DNA replication-Animated Youtube
Session 28
Session 29
Various models of DNA replication : Rolling circle model of DNA replication
Rolling Circle Method of DNA Replication -E notes
Rolling Circle Model of DNA Replication-Slideshare
Rolling Circle Mechanism Plasmid Replication-Youtube
<a href="Rolling circle-Youtube
Session 30
θ (theta) model of DNA replication: Mechanism and steps
Theta model of DNA Replication-E notes
Replication in Circular DNA: Theta Model-E notes
Session 31
Assignment 5
Replication of DNA: Semidiscontinuous
Session 32
Assignment 6
Replication of linear ds-DNA: Replication of the 5’end of linear chromosome
Session 33
Assignment 7
Enzymes involved in DNA replication: Types of enzymes at different stages
Enzymes involved in dna replication-Slideshare
Session 34
Assignment 8
Central dogma Key experiments establishing The Central Dogma: Adaptor hypothesis and discovery of mRNA template
Session 35
Genetic code: deciphering & salient features
Session 36
Transcription: Transcription in prokaryotes
Transcription in Prokaryotes-E notes
Prokaryotic Transcription-E notes
Session 37
Practice 9 (2 hours)
Structure of DNA through photographs
Session 38
Practice 10 (2 hours)
Study of Rolling circle DNA replication mechanisms through photographs
DNA rolling circle replication-Youtube
Rolling Circle Mechanism of Replication [HD Animation]-Youtube
Session 39
Practice 11 (2 hours)
Study of Theta model of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs
Session 40
Transcription: Transcription in eukaryotes
Transcritption in eukaryotes-Youtube
Session 41
Principles of transcriptional regulation in Prokaryotes: Regulation of lactose metabolism E.coli
Session 42
Session 43
Transcription in Eukaryotes: transcription factors; Gene silencing
Session 44
Processing and modification of RNA: Split genes-concept of introns and exons, removal of introns,spliceosome machinery
RNA processing: 5' cap, 3' polyA tail, and Splicing-Yuotube
The Spliceosome: A Dynamic Ribonucleoprotein Machine-E notes
Session 45
Assignment 9
Eukaryotic mRNA processing: 5’ cap, 3’ polyA tail
mRNA Processing in eukaryotes-E notes
Session 46
Splicing pathways: Group I and group II intron splicing, alternative splicing
Spliceosome Assembly and Splicing of mRNA-Youtube
Types I and II Self-Splicing (Autocatalytic) Introns in mRNA--Youtube
Session 47
Assignment 10
Ribozymes: RNA editing and mRNA transport
Nuclear Export of mRNA-E notes
Session 48
Transcription and Transposition:
Gene expression and transcription-Youtube
Transcription Animation-Youtube
<a href="Different mechanisms of transposition-Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Different mechanisms
Session 49
Practice 12 (2 hours)
Study of Splicing mechanism in group I & group II introns
Session 50
Translation: Ribosome structure and assembly, mRNA, Charging of tRNA, aminoacyltRNAsynthetases
Prokaryotic Translation-E notes
Prokaryotic Translation-E notes
Prokaryotic Translation-E notes.
Eukaryotic Transcription-Youtube
Translation in prokaryotes -Visualization Youtube
Animation of Protein Synthesis (Translation) in Prokaryotes-Youtube
Session 51
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Factors and Enzymes in Prokaryotic Translation-Youtube
<a href="https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/13%3A_Antimicrobial_Drugs/13.2%3A_Functions_of_Antimicrobial_Drugs/13.2D%3A_Inhibiting_Protein_Synthesis" rel="noopener noreferrer"
Protien synthesis inhibitors-Slideshare
Factors and Enzymes in Prokaryotic Translation-YoutubeProtien synthesis inhibitors-Slideshare
Session 52
Our Main Teachers
Dr. Sagarika Parida has completed her research fellowship from NRRI, ICAR, Cuttack and has been awarded the Ph. D. degree in Botany from Utkal University. She has worked as Post Doctoral Fellow in IMMT, CSIR, Bhubaneswar. The focus of her research work has been on microbiology, integrated pest and disease management and herbal drug standardization […]