Subject Name-Ocular Physiology
Code- CUTM1783
Type T + P + Pj -( 3 + 1 + 0)
Credits- 4
Course Objective:
- Ocular physiology deals with the physiological functions of each part of the eye.
Course Outcome:
- At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
- Explain the normal functioning of all structures of the eye and their interactions
- Elucidate the physiological aspects of normal growth and development of the eye
- Understand the phenomenon of vision
- List the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis and treatment of diseases of the eye
MODULE-1
Cornea: Brief idea about ultra & histological structure of cornea. Corneal transparency & hydration, Regulation of corneal transparency & hydration. Corneal vascularization. Maurice theory & Goldman’s theory Uveal tract: Brief idea about uvea. Uveal meshwork. Uveo-scleral drainage. Schlemm’s canal switch. 3. Lens: Basic idea about human lens. Function of lens. Lens transparency. Lens culture. Changes in ageing lens. Cataract – overview. Practice: Pupil Examination
MODULE-2
Aqueous humour: Formation of Aqueous humour. Drainage & circulation of Aqueous Humour. Rates of production & flow. Functions of Aqueous humour. Vitreous Humour: Composition & distribution of vitreous humour, Physiology & function of vitreous humour, Optical role of vitreous humour. Practice: External eye examination - Torch light examination
MODULE-3
Retina: Retinal structure-layers of retina. Brief idea about rod & cones. Organization of retina. Function of retina. Optic Nerve: Physiology of optic nerve. Papilledema of optic nerve. Optic atrophy. Ocular Circulation: Vascular structure of the eye – ocular circulation, blood-ocular barrier (Blood-retinal, blood Vitreous & blood aqueous barrier). Regulation of ocular circulation.
MODULE-4
Protective Mechanism of the eye Blinking – muscles of lead closer & lid opening (orbecularisocculli, levatorpalpebre, Muller’s muscle, blinking reflexes. Lacrimation – i) Lacrimal glands ii) Pre corneal tear film iii) Chemistry of lachrymal secretion tear film iv) Tear film dynamics (secretion of tear, formation of tear, retention & redistribution of tear, displacement phenomena, evaporation from tear film, drying & breakup of tear film, dynamic events during blinking, elimination of tear.) Practice: Blink rate.
MODULE-5
The ocular motor system – Extra ocular muscles their function & nerve supply Mechanics of actions of extra ocular muscles -cross sectional area of muscle, length of muscle. Arc of contact, muscle plane, Muscle axis of rotation. Physiology of ocular movement – Basic Kinematics, (position of gaze, Fick’s axes) d. Ocular Movement (monocular and Binocular). Supra nuclear control of eye movements. e. Ocular movements - i) Monocular Movements (Adduction, Abduction, supraduction, Infraduction, Incycloduction, excycloduction) ii) Binocular Movements –VERSIONS- (saccadic & pursuit movement, position maintenance movements, stabilization movements & their characteristics). VERGENCES – (Convergence, divergence, vertical vengeance), Intraocular pressure – Features of normal IOP, Factors influencing the IOP, Control of IOP, and Measurement of IOP. Pupil – Normal pupil, Physiological changes in pupil size – Isocoria, Pupillary unrest, Hippies. Pupillary reflex – Light reflex, Near reflex, Darkness reflex, Psycho sensory reflex, Lid closure reflex Practice: Eye movements
MODULE-6
Accommodation – Far point, near point, range & amplitude of Accommodation Mechanism of accommodation – Increased tension theory, Relaxation theory, Role of lens capsule, Gullstrand mechanical model of accommodation, Stimulus for accommodation Ocular changes in accommodation. Changes in accommodation with arc (Presbyopia) Nervous mechanism for accommodation Color vision. Physiological, Photochemical & neurological basis of color vision b. Electrophysiology of color vision c. Granit’s modulator and dominator theory, Purkinje phenomenon. Young-Helmholtz theory d. Types of color defects e. Color blindness f. Neural analysis.
MODULE-7
Geniculate cortex: Structure of geneculate cortex. Electrophysiology Physiology of vision – Visual acuity – visual angle, Components of Visual acuity (Minimum visible, Resolution, Recognition Hyperacidity), Factors affecting, Measurement of visual acuity. Contrast Sensitivity – Types- (spatial &temporal contrast sensitivity), Neural Mechanism, Measurement of contrast sensitivity (Arden gratings, Cambridge low contest gratings, Pelli – Robson chart Light & Dark adaptation – Dark adaptation curve, Mechanism of dark adaptation, Factors influencing dark adaptation, Time course of light adaptation, Mechanism of light adaptation, Rod vs. cone light adaptation. Parkinje shift of spectral sensitivity.
TEXT BOOK:
L A Remington: Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System, Second edition, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Missouri, USA, 2005.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
SESSION PLAN
Session-1
Cornea: Brief idea about ultra & histological structure of cornea. Corneal transparency & hydration, Regulation of corneal transparency & hydration. Corneal vascularization.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnuoIDN-bHw
https://www.slideshare.net/ArunViswanathan3/the-cornea-199840828
Session-2
Goldman’s theory Uveal tract: Brief idea about uvea. Uveal meshwork. Uveo-scleral drainage. Schlemm’s canal switch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oyigw4pAXno
https://www.slideshare.net/barun_garg/anatomy-of-uvea
Session-3
Lens: Basic idea about human lens. Function of lens. Lens transparency. Lens culture. Changes in ageing lens
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUHX9a8J7zY
https://www.slideshare.net/BipinBista3/age-related-changes-of-lens
Session-4
Cataract – overview.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bz4d2CxQNz0
https://www.slideshare.net/yuyuricci/cataract-84946130
Session-5
Pupil Examination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3f0FVIU1q4
https://www.slideshare.net/riyad59/pupil-examination
Session-6
Maurice theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9T3JWLynbM
https://www.slideshare.net/tinachandar/corneal-transparency
Session-7
Aqueous humour: Formation of Aqueous humour
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKtLlOSh8o4
https://www.slideshare.net/shovon2026/production-and-flow-of-aqueous-humor
Session-8
Drainage & circulation of Aqueous Humour
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CFY4gxLnMY
https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/aqueous-humour-products-and-drainage
Session-9
Rates of production & flow. Functions of Aqueous humour
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4lnSwZ8vFc
https://www.slideshare.net/shovon2026/production-and-flow-of-aqueous-humor
Session-10
Vitreous Humour: Composition & distribution of vitreous humour
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2reHzLzP6-8
https://www.slideshare.net/DhaneshwarPal/vitreous-humour-ld
Session-11
Physiology & function of vitreous humour
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34FK9qwdFho
https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/vitreous-humour
Session-12
Optical role of vitreous humour
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOPowWL6upM
https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/vitreous-humour
Session-13
External eye examination - Torch light examination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRZ-ntjVrfY
https://www.slideshare.net/reshma14695/ophthal-examination-of-eye
Session-14
Retina: Retinal structure-layers of retina. Brief idea about rod & cones.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBwy-27c01I
https://www.slideshare.net/Lhacha/retina-and-layers
Session-15
Function of retina.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4V6lKPSUly0
https://www.slideshare.net/PlabAmcle/physiology-of-retina-132912604
Session-16
Physiology of optic nerve. Papilledema of optic nerve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RyOItWYJQM
https://www.slideshare.net/shovon2026/papilloedema-presentation1
Session-17
Optic atrophy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrGoJZHmt7Q
https://www.slideshare.net/adrenalinrush007/optic-atrophy-ppt
Session-18
Vascular structure of the eye
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BHGItJ3-vM
https://www.slideshare.net/anissuzanna/the-vascular-coat-of-the-eye
Session-19
ocular circulation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH2NbtSuQBM
https://www.slideshare.net/anjanikumar25/ocular-circulation
Session-20
blood-ocular barrier (Blood-retinal, blood Vitreous & blood aqueous barrier)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziPeeVNE1xQ
https://www.slideshare.net/pankajverma245/occular-drug-delivery-system-ppt-125787252
Session-21
Regulation of ocular circulation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iP8vTPW2lMw
https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/blood-and-nerve-supply-of-eye
Session-22
Protective Mechanism of the eye Blinking – muscles of lead closer & lid opening.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSpRT9VM94U
https://www.slideshare.net/PlabAmcle/eyelid-anatomy-and-physiology
Session-23
Blink rate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkpwUZyBXIs
https://www.slideshare.net/junushrestha18/tearfilm-blinking
Session-24
Orbicularis oculi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opknIqu479M
https://www.slideshare.net/samia_rahman11/lps-and-orbicularis-oculi
Session-25
Levator palpebrae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi0JcbH-3Pc
https://www.slideshare.net/PlabAmcle/eyelid-anatomy-and-physiology
Session-26
Muller’s muscle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byxBgV0-_yY
https://www.slideshare.net/sssihmspg/anatomy-of-the-eyelids-51907432
Session-27
blinking reflexes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LTEdal_wWA
https://www.slideshare.net/syedirshadmurtaza/blink-reflex
Session-28
Lacrimation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z2wWmXnoIQ
https://www.slideshare.net/getachewdesalegn/lacrimal-system-187156450
Session-29
Lacrimal glands
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBRwhv61x4k
https://www.slideshare.net/9495515571/anatomy-of-lacrimal-gland
Session-30
Pre corneal tear film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1POWdvnyAU
https://www.slideshare.net/ArunViswanathan3/tear-film-199837675
Session-31
Chemistry of lachrymal secretion tear film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eqm6PKgczx8
https://www.slideshare.net/Ferdous101531/tear-film-dr-ferdous-68240810
Session-32
Tear film dynamics (secretion of tear, formation of tear, retention & redistribution of tear, displacement phenomena, evaporation from tear film, drying & breakup of tear film, dynamic events during blinking, elimination of tear.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MPVrgTNuFI
https://www.slideshare.net/sssihmspg/tearfilmanddynamics
Session-33
The ocular motor system – Extra ocular muscles their function & nerve supply Mechanics of actions of extra ocular muscles -cross sectional area of muscle, length of muscle. Arc of contact, muscle plane, Muscle axis of rotation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldiNRvLhQ3A&list=PLZEQuAIfGkJdn1u9BIANPig3DloizyHQu
https://www.slideshare.net/drvasant162/ocular-motor-nerves
Session-34
Physiology of ocular movement – Basic Kinematics, (position of gaze, Fick’s axes) d. Ocular Movement (monocular and Binocular).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWKkHWWDIEI
https://www.slideshare.net/rabbiaammer2/extra-ocular-muscles-physiology
Session-35
Ocular Movement (monocular and Binocular). Supra nuclear control of eye movements.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieqYZV-Pwc0
https://www.slideshare.net/DominaPetri/eye-movements-78982447
Session-36
VERGENCES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wZav2CBeM4
https://www.slideshare.net/DrTukezbanHuseynova/vergences-of-the-eye
Session-37
Accommodation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yIpyitm6eE
https://www.slideshare.net/RohitRao2/accommodation-of-eye
Session-38
Geniculate cortex
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgMNUne9j9c
https://www.slideshare.net/neurophq8/anatomy-of-the-visual-pathways-and-visual-cortex
Session-39
Robson chart Light & Dark adaptation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiYmTAuVimg
https://www.slideshare.net/BidhunaRaj/light-and-dark-adaptation-chinnu-103853965
Session-40
Parkinje shift of spectral sensitivity.