Course Objectives

• This course is very critical in imbibing the knowledge of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
• Through this course students will understand the importance of Phytochemistry which actually added therapeutic value to the Medicinal Plants.
• This course enables analytical thinking of students which will help them in deducing and isolation of the vital phytochemical compounds.

Course Outcomes

• COs	Course outcomes	Mapping COs with POs (High-3, Medium-2, Low-1)
  CO1	Acquire the knowledge about secondary metabolites apart from learning about phytochemistry of significant medicinal plants	PO1-3, PO2-3, PO3-3, PO4-2, PO6-2
  CO2	Acquire and demonstrate competency in laboratory safety and in routine laboratory skills to do sensitive R&D experiments in future.	PO1-3, PO2-3, PO3-3, PO4-3, PO5-2

Course Syllabus

Module I:

Concept note on commercial medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs); Collection, cultivation and trade of MAPs; Relationship between conservation sites and richness of MAPs; Commercial MAPs of India; Promoting medicinal plants cultivation as a tool for biodiversity conservation. Yield assessment and cost-benefit analysis; Role of National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB) in Promotion of MAPs; Marketing of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Strategies.

Practice 1: Preparation of extracts of Herbs by successive solvent extraction method to record the percentage yield.

Module II:

Methods of extraction, isolation and characterization of natural products; Various separation techniques used for isolation of natural products; Biosynthetic pathways; Primary metabolites, their examples; Secondary metabolites, various classes of secondary metabolites (e.g. Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, lignans, saponins, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins etc.).

Practice 2: Detection of Phytoconstituents such as i) Alkaloids, ii) Steroids, Triterpenoids and their glylosides and Saponins iii) Flavonoids and their glycosides iv) Anthracene Glycosides v) Coumarins vi) Tannins by chemical tests and TLC methods.

Module III

Important therapeutic classes: Anti-diabetics, hepatoprotectives, immunomodulators, nutraceuticals, natural products for gynaecological disorders, anti-cancer, anti-viral (mainly anti-HIV), adaptogens etc.

Practice 3: Antimicrobial activity of some selected medicinal plants and antibiotics.

Module IV

Phytochemistry of Neem: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to alkaloids (nimbin, nimbolide etc.);

Photochemistry of Brahmi: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to bitters (bacosides)

Phytochemistry of Turmeric: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to phenols (curcuminoids);

Phytochemistry of Withania somnifera: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to steroids (withanolides).

Practice 4: Isolation and Purification of following natural products, (a)Piperine form Black Pepper, (b)Caffeine from Tea Powder, (c) Eugenol from Clove oil. Isolation of natural products by column chromatography.

Module V

Phytochemistry of Andrographis paniculata: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to bitters (andrographolides);

Phytochemistry of Ginger: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to phenols (gingerols);

Phytochemistry of Garlic: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to phenols (allicin);

Phytochemistry of Terminalia arjuna: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to triterpenes (arjunolic acid)

Practice 5: Extraction and estimation of volatile oils by Clevenger’s method (Hydro distillation method).

Practice 6: TLC figure print profiles of following medicinal plants with special emphasis on their marker compounds, (a) Withania somnifera, (b) Bacopa monnieri, (c) Curcuma longa, (d) Glycyrrhiza glabra

Module VI

Introduction: Definition, history, scope of Pharmacognosy in indigenous system of medicine

Sources of drugs: Biological, marine, mineral and modern techniques like plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs; Classification of drugs and natural origin: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs; Demand and supply of crude drugs and their regulations with reference to trade and biodiversity

Module VII

Quality control and drug evaluation: Adulteration; Significance of Pharmacopoeia standards; Detection of adulteration by organoleptic, macroscopic and microscopic methods for detection of adulteration.

Text Books:

1. Textbook of Industrial Pharmacognosy, Kalia, A.N
2. Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology AshutoshKar
3. PharmacognosyKokate, C.K A and Purohit, A.P

Reference Books:

1. E-content:  www.nmpb.nic.in/
2. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and PhytochemistryJarald, Edwin E. and Edwin JaraldSheeja
3. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, Evans, W.C.

Practical Books:

Natural Products: Aa laboratory guide by Raphael Ikan, Academic Press.

Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate , Publisher: NiraliPrakashan

Pharmacognosy by Trease& Evans

Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry by VinodRangari

Chemistry of Natural Products: A Laboratory Handbook by Krishnaswamy NR.

Session Plan

Session 1

Session 2

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Case Studies

Case Studies