Pharmacology-I (Theory)

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Ashirbad Nanda

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PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory) BPHT2204

Course Objective:

The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to living organisms and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers information about the drugs like the mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses, contraindications and routes of administration of different classes of drugs.

Course outcome

CO	Statement	Mapping with POs
CO-1	Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs	PO1, PO2, PO8
CO-2	Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/ macromolecular levels.	PO1, PO6, PO9
CO-3	Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.	PO1, PO2, PO8
CO-4	Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments	PO1, PO3, PO6, PO8
CO-5	To get knowledge for the practical skills required to conduct the preclinical toxicity studies.	PO1, PO2, PO6

UNIT-I 08 hours
General Pharmacology
a. Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
b. Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination.

UNIT-II 12 Hours
General Pharmacology
a. Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptors and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose-response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
b. Adverse drug reactions.
c. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)
d. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase, preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials, and pharmacovigilance.

UNIT-III 10 Hours
Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system
a. Organization and function of ANS.
b.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
e. Local anesthetic agents.
f. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma

UNIT-IV 08 Hours
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
d. Anti-epileptics
e. Alcohols and disulfiram

UNIT-V 07 Hours
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens.
b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
e. Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)
1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology,.Churchil Livingstone Elsevierhttps://shop.elsevier.com/books/rang-and-dales-pharmacology/ritter/978-0-7020-7448-6
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hillhttps://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkozje))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=1357278
3. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookID=2189#165936881
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews-Pharmacology
6. K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,
9. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan

Session 1

General introduction to pharmacologyhttp://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/health_science_students/pharmacology.pdf

introductiontopharmacology(1)

Session 2

Receptor pharmacology https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975341/

Session 3

Adverse Drug Reaction

Session 4

Pharmacology of peripheral nervous systemhttps://doctorlib.info/pharmacology/illustrated/5.html#:~:text=Pharmacological%20agents%20act%20on%20the,the%20effects%20of%20these%20neurotransmitters.&text=Efferent%20neurons%20of%20the%20autonomic,homeostatic%20control%20of%20the%20organs.

Session 5

Organization and function of ANS https://doctorlib.info/pharmacology/illustrated/5.html#:~:text=Pharmacological%20agents%20act%20on%20the,the%20effects%20of%20these%20neurotransmitters.&text=Efferent%20neurons%20of%20the%20autonomic,homeostatic%20control%20of%20the%20organs.

Session 6