Physical Optics
Teacher
Dr. Gouri Kumar Sahu
Category
Core Courses
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Course Name : Physical Optics
Code(Credit) : CUTM1784(3-1-0)
Course Objectives
- This course provides an understanding of wave nature of light to describe different optical phenomenon like interference, diffraction, polarisation, scattering. Photoluminescence, Stimulated emission, Radiometry
Course Outcomes
On Completion of this course, the learner will be able to:
- Describe and discuss waves, colour, frequency, photon energy, phase difference, optical coherence and coherent sources using monochromatic light sources of light.
- Describe and discuss optical interference observed using wave front splitting and amplitude splitting interferometers, optical antireflection coatings.
- Describe and discuss linear, circular and elliptical polarisation, Birefringence and use of polarised light.
- Describe and discuss diffraction effects observed in a single slit and circular aperture and relate to Rayleigh criterion and optical resolution.
- Describe Scattering, Florescence and phosphorescence, basics for Laser.
- Describe the terms and units in radiometry and photometry.
Course Syllabus
Module 1
Nature of light, light as electromagnetic oscillation, wave equation; ideas of sinusoidal oscillations, simple harmonic oscillation; transverse nature of oscillation; concepts of frequency, wavelength, amplitude and phase. Relationship between amplitude and intensity, Sources of light; Electromagnetic Spectrum.
Module 2
Polarized light; linearly polarized light and circularly polarized light, Intensity of polarized light; Malus’Law; polarizers and analysers; Methods of producing polarized light; Brewster’s angle, Polarisation by piles of plates.
Practice-1: Verification of Malus’ Law using a polarizer – analyser combination.
Module 3
Birefringence; ordinary and extraordinary rays, Nicol Prism, uses of Nicol prism as Analyser and Polariser
Practice-2: Demonstration of birefringence using Calcite crystals
Module 4
Coherence; interference; constructive interference, destructive interference; Theory of double slit interference, fringes; fringe width. Double slits, Newton’s rings
Practice-3: Newton’s rings
Module 5
Diffraction; Fraunhofer diffraction at single slit; multiple slit; Diffraction Grating; diffraction by a circular aperture; Airy’s disc. Resolution of telescope; Raleigh’s criterion.
Practice-4: Gratings – determination of grating constant using Sodium vapour lamp;
Practice-5: Determination of wavelengths of light from Mercury vapour lamp
Practice-6: Circular Apertures – measurements of Airy’s disc for apertures of various sizes
Practice-7: Measurement of the resolving power of telescopes
Module 6
Scattering; Raleigh’s scattering; Tyndall effect. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Basics of Lasers –coherence; population inversion; spontaneous emission; Einstein’s theory of lasers
Practice-8: Demonstration of fluorescence and phosphorescence using crystals and paints
Module 7
Radiometry; solid angle; radiometric units; photopic and scotopic luminous efficiency and efficacy curves; photometric units. Inverse square law of photometry; Lambert’s law. Other units of light measurement; retinal illumination;
Text Book:
Subrahmanyan N, BrijLal, A text book of Optics, S. Chand Co Ltd, New Delhi, India, 2003
Reference Books:
- Pedrotti L. S, Pedrotti Sr. F. L, Optics and Vision, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1998.
- Keating NM. P, Geometric, Physical and Visual Optics, Butterworth- Heinemann, Massachusetts, USA, 2002.
PREREQUISITES: Higher secondary level Mathematics and Physics
Session Plan
Session 1
Nature of light –light as electromagnetic oscillation –wave equation;
You tube: https://youtu.be/pj_ya0e20vE
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/nature-of-light/index.html#1.1
Study Material: https://www.slideshare.net/jonialbarico/the-nature-of-light-31122767
Session 2
Ideas of sinusoidal oscillations –simple harmonic oscillation;
You tube: https://youtu.be/uM2HpLBVAkA
You tube: https://youtu.be/gZ_KnZHCn4M
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/nature-of-light/index.html#1.2
Study Material: https://www.slideshare.net/Shishir2077/simple-harmonic-oscillator
Session 3
Transverse nature of oscillation; concepts of frequency, wavelength, amplitude and phase.
You tube: https://youtu.be/yd-G6KYwzvA
Study Material: http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/keph207.pdf
You tube: https://youtu.be/PD7mwFhNOtU
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/nature-of-light/index.html#1.7
Session 4
Relationship between amplitude and intensity.
You tube: https://youtu.be/dV7WqWIMl0o
Study material: http://muchomas.lassp.cornell.edu/p214/Notes/Interference/node6.html
Session 5
Sources of light; Electromagnetic Spectrum.
You tube: https://youtu.be/1bpmI3wdqW8
You tube: https://youtu.be/InsO7lmpB_g
Study Material: https://www.slideshare.net/thelawofscience/light-em-spectrum-12842021
Session 6
Polarized light; linearly polarized light; and circularly polarized light.
You tube: https://youtu.be/8YkfEft4p-w
Session 7
Intensity of polarized light; Malus’Law; polarizers and analysers.
You tube: https://youtu.be/LpZre_KIDM0
You tube: https://youtu.be/gP751qpm4n4
Session 8 (2 hrs)
Practice-1: Verification of Malus’ Law using a polarizer – analyser combination
You tube: https://youtu.be/OgImgIJgDA0
Session 9
Methods of producing polarized light; Polarisation by reflection, Brewster’s angle.
You tube: https://youtu.be/tomdmqeWaMM
Session 12
Nicol Prism, uses of Nicol prism as Analyser and Polariser.
You tube: https://youtu.be/5b6MDuU1J8U
Session 13 (2 hrs)
Practice-2: Demonstration of birefringence using Calcite crystals
You tube: https://youtu.be/iRwagObFrPM
Session 14
Coherence, interference, constructive interference, destructive interference.
You tube: https://youtu.be/CAe3lkYNKt8
Session 15
Theory of double slit interference, fringes; fringe width.
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/interference/index.html#4.5
You tube: https://youtu.be/MDX3qb_BMs4
Session 16
Newton’s rings
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/interference/index.html#4.2
You tube: https://youtu.be/PU-SeNfIRcs
You tube: https://youtu.be/EXCWsy0MTpw
Session 17 (2 hrs)
Practice-3: Determination of wavelength of light using Newton’s rings
Session 18
Diffraction, Types of diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction at single slit
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/diffraction/index.html#5.2
You tube; https://youtu.be/h9xx3pXFW-g
Session 20
Diffraction Grating, grating spectrum, missing spectra
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/diffraction/index.html#5.3
Session 21 (2 hrs)
Practice-4: Gratings – determination of grating constant using Sodium vapour lamp.
Session 22 (2 hrs)
Practice-5: Determination of wavelengths of light from Mercury vapour lamp.
Session 23
Diffraction by a circular aperture, Airy’s disc
Animation: https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/light/diffraction/index.html#5.5
You tube: https://youtu.be/rmg1XyOSAk0
Session 24 (2 hrs)
Practice-6: Circular Apertures – measurements of Airy’s disc for apertures of various sizes
Session 26 (2 hrs)
Practice-7: Measurement of the resolving power of telescopes
You tube: https://youtu.be/CP4QgnZqqY8
Session 30
Basics of Lasers –coherence; population inversion; spontaneous emission
You tube: https://youtu.be/2Oswmij538Q
Session 31
Einstein’s theory of lasers
You tube:https://youtu.be/1LmcUaWuYao
You tube: https://youtu.be/hfR16hKX9UQ
Session 32
Types of lasers: Ruby Laser, He-Ne Laser,
You tube: https://youtu.be/T94BbyYyNpg
You tube: Ruby Laser
You tube: He-Ne Laser
You tube: Semiconductor Laser
Session 34
Photopic and scotopic luminous efficiency and efficacy curves
You tube: https://youtu.be/_Kt7SpSQDzQ
Session 35
Photometric units. Inverse square law of photometry
You tube: https://youtu.be/hJvTxvaR5Lg
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Our Main Teachers
Dr. Sahu is working as Associate Professor of Physics in the School of Applied Science, Paralakhemundi Campus of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha. He started teaching Physics from the year 1995 just after completion of his Post Graduate Degree from Berhampur University. He has more than six years of teaching experience at +2 […]
Dr.Subhraraj Panda is working as an Associate Professor of Physics in Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha since 2008 and has 19 years of experience in teaching. He had his Ph.D. from Ravenshaw University, Cuttack in 2019 and got eight years of research experience. His research interests are fluid and molecular acoustic He […]