Principles of Cytogenetics MGPB 0505 (2-1-0)

Course Objectives

1. The very purpose of this course is to acquaint the students with cell cycle and architecture of chromosome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, special types of chromosomes, techniques for

2. This course aims to impart knowledge of variations in chromosomes numbers and their It acquaints the students for the production and use of haploids, apomictic populations and their role in genetics and breeding.

3. To provide insight into structure and functions of chromosomes, chromosome mapping, polyploidy and cytogenetic aspects of crop

CO-PSO Mapping

PSO1: Knowledge Enhancement

PSO2: Professional Enhancement

PSO3: Entrepreneurship Skills

PSO4: Communication & Extension Skill

Program Specific Outcomes

PSO1 : Impart knowledge and understanding of fundamental concepts and techniques of maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, crop production, crop management, crop improvement, biodiversity and sustainability of agriculture worldwide.

PSO2 : Develop the ability to know farming practices and their scope to improve in the rural areas and the environments.

PSO3 : Apply knowledge of basic science through Agricultural microbiology, Plant biochemistry and Biotechnology.

PSO4 : Apply knowledge of Agri-business management and finance to develop profitable agricultural system.

Course Syllabus

Theory

Unit I: Cell   cycle   and   architecture   of   chromosome   in   prokaryotes   and   eukaryotes; Chromonemata,     chromosome     matrix,     chromomeres,     centromere,     secondary, constriction and telomere; artificial chromosome construction and its uses; Special types of chromosomes. Variation in chromosome structure: Evolutionary significance; Introduction to techniques for karyotyping; Chromosome banding and painting -In situ hybridization and various applications.

Unit II: Structural and numerical variations of chromosomes and their implications; Symbols and terminologies for chromosome numbers, euploidy, haploids, diploids and polyploids; Utilization of aneuploids in gene location; Variation in chromosome behaviour, somatic segregation and chimeras, endomitosis and somatic reduction; Evolutionary significance of chromosomal aberrations, balanced lethal and chromosome complexes; Inter-varietal chromosome substitutions.

Unit III: Fertilization barriers in crop plants at pre-and post-fertilization levels; In-vitro techniques to overcome the fertilization barriers in crops; Polyploidy. Genetic consequences of polyploidization and role of polyploids in crop breeding; Evolutionary advantages of autopolyploid vs allopolyploids; Role of aneuploids in basic and applied aspects of crop breeding, their maintenance and utilization in gene mapping and gene blocks transfer; Alien addition and substitution lines, creation and utilization; Apomixes, evolutionary and genetic problems in crops with apomixes.

Unit IV: Reversion of autopolyploid to diploids; Genome mapping in polyploids; Interspecific hybridization and allopolyploids; Synthesis of new crops (wheat, Triticale, Brassica, and cotton); Hybrids between species with same chromosome number, alien translocations; Hybrids between species with different chromosome number; Gene transfer using amphidiploids, bridge species.

Unit V: Chromosome manipulations in wide hybridization; case studies; Production and use of haploids, dihaploids and doubled haploids in genetics and breeding.

 Practice Syllabus

1. Learning the cytogenetical laboratory techniques,

2. various chemicals to be used for fixation, dehydration, embedding

3. various chemicals to be used for staining, cleaning

4. Microscopy: various types of microscopes

5. Preparing specimen for observation

6. Fixative preparation for light microscopy studies in cereals

7. Fixing specimen for light microscopy studies in cereals

8. Studies on mitosis in crop plants

9. Studies on meiosis in crop plants

10. Using micrometres-studying the pollen grain size in various crops.

11. Pollen germination in vivo and in-vitro

12. Demonstration of polyploidy

Teaching methods

Power point presentation

Chalk and Board

Smart board

Lectures

Assignments, quiz

Group tasks, student’s presentations

Suggested Reading

Becker K and Hardin J. 2004. World of the Cell. 5th Ed. Pearson Edu. 9th edition. Carroll M. 1989. Organelles. The Guilford Press.

Charles B. 1993. Discussions in Cytogenetics. Prentice Hall Publications.

Darlington CD and La Cour LF. 1969. The Handling of Chromosomes. George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

Elgin SCR. 1995. Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression. IRLPress,Oxford.

Gupta PK and Tsuchiya T. 1991. Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding and Evolution. Part A.

Gupta PK. 2010. Cytogenetics. Rastogi Pubishers. Johannson DA. 1975. Plant Micro technique. McGraw Hill.

Karp G. 1996. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley & Sons. Khush GS. 1973. Cytogenetics of aneuploids. Elsevier. 1 edition.

Roy D.2009. Cytogenetics. Alpha Science Intl Ltd.

Schulz SJ.1980. Cytogenetics- Plant, animals and Humans. Springer.

Sharma AK and Sharma A. 1988. Chromosome Techniques: Theory and Practice. Butterworth- Heinemann publisher 2014.3rd edition

Singh RJ. 2016. Plant Cytogenetics 3rd Edition. CRC Press.

Sumner AT. 1982. Chromosome Banding. Unwin Hyman Publ. 1 edition, Springer pub. Swanson CP. 1960. Cytology and Cytogenetics. Macmillan & Co.

Session Plan (Theory)

Session 1

Course Overview. Architecture of chromosomes.

Lecture Notes 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9AbkNGh2u8 (Video: prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic chromosomes)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63Q3No6shvw (video on Cytogenetics in Plants)

Session 2

Terminology:  Euchromatin  and heterochromatin;  karyotype  and  techniques  for  karyotyping. Banding  patterns  for  identification  of chromosomes.

Lecture Notes 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tc4j2E9_dCk  (Video: Karyotype and chromosome banding pattern)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ml9kiaRSKps (heterochromatin Vs Euchromatin)

Session 3

Special types  of  chromosomes.

Lecture Notes 3

https://www.embibe.com/study/special-type-of-chromosomes-concept (video on special types of chromsomes)

Session 4

Theory: Cell Cycle; Mitosis  cell  cycle; significance  of  mitosis.

Lecture Notes 4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNwJbMovnVQ (video on Mitotic cell cycle)

PDF slides on mitosis

Session 5

Theory: Meiosis  cell  cycle; significance  of  meiosis. Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis.

Practice-4: Studies  on  the  course  of meiosis in cereals, millets and pulses-Studies on the course of meiosis in oilseeds and forage crops.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOAAIeZXoxU

Lecture Notes 5, Practice-4  (practical manual)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16enC385R0w (Meotic cell cycle)

PDF slides on mitosis Vs meiosis

Session 6

Chromosome  painting-Fluorescence  in  situ  hybridization  (FISH).

PDF slides on FISH procedure

Lecture notes 6

Session 7

Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Session 8

Structural  chromosomal  aberrations, Deletions and Duplications.

Lecture Notes 8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbnWrIH0wSY (Video on Chromosomal aberrations)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIdKmUGmI5M (Video on Structural changes in chromosomes)

Session 9

lnversions, Breeding  behaviours  of  translocation heterozygote; Permanent  hybrids  in Oenothera.

Lecture Notes 9

PDF slides on structural aberrations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_p14l8gPhk (Video on Chromosomal Aberrations | Deletion | Duplication | Inversion | Translocation)

Session 10

Theory: Numerical  chromosomal  aberrations: classification; Euploidy;  Haploidy, Terminology and classification of haploids; Origin,  occurrence and  production  of  haploids.

Lecture notes 10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qri2F510qsU (Video on numerical chromosomal aberrations)

Session 11

Gene Location Using Aneuploids

Aneuploids- location of a gene

Session 12

Chimeras and Types of Chimeras

Chimeras-Types of Chimeras

Session 13

Somatic Segregation

Somatic Segregation and Somatic reduction

Session 14

Intervarietal Chromosome Substitution

Inter varietal Chromosome Substitution

Session 15

Fertilization  barriers  in  crop  plants  at  pre-and  post -fertilization  levels; In  vitro techniques  to overcome  the  fertilization  barriers. Chromosome  manipulations  in  wide  hybridization.

Lecture notes 19

Chromosome manipulation in wide hybridiz(PDF Slides)

barriers in widecrosshybridization (PDF slides)

Session 16

Polyploidy - autopolyploidy,    Origin    and    types    of    autopolyploids,    Meiotic    behaviour    in autopolyploids - Autotriploids  and  autotetraloids.

Lecture notes 12

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LYPwNLLq8A (autopolyploidy vs allopolyploidy)

Session 17

Allopolypioidy-segmental  allopolyploidy, Genome analysis of  allopolyploids; Evolution of important polyploid crops Wheat, Tobacco, Brassica and Cotton.

Lecture notes 13

allopolyploidy in plant breeding (PDF file on allopolyploidy in plant breeding)

Session 18

Aneuploidy: hyperploids- trisomics  and  tetrasomics;  primary  trisomics  and  secondary trisomics,  Meiotic  behaviour  in  trisomics  and  uses. Trisomics  in  polyploids;  tetrasomics.

Lecture notes 14

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p05JqlWAv20 (Video on trisomics in crop improvement)

Session 19

Aneuploidy-hypoploidy; Monosomics  and nullisomics; Method   of   production   of   monosomics; Meiotic   behaviours   of   monosomics.

Lecture notes 15

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8it4s9dm0M (You tube on Meotic & Breeding bahaviour in Monosomics)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMO1OTFb0sU ((You tube on method of production of Monosomics)

monosomics (PDF slides)

Session 20

Introgression

Introgression lines

Session 21

Apomixis and its Drawbacks

Apomixis

Session 22

Artificial  chromosome  construction  and  its  uses.

artificial chromosome construction

Session 23

Reversion  of  autopolyploids to diploids; Genome mapping in polyploids.

Session 24

Hybrids between species with different chromosomes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbE1CKXKLRs

Session 25

Hybrids between species with same chromosome number

Session 26

Bridge species

Bridge species

Traditional Plant breeding methods

Session 27

Alien translocations

Session 28

Case studies-Chromosome manipulations

chromosome manipulation case studies

Session 29

Production of Haploids

Production of haploids in Genetics and Plant Breeding

Session 30

production of dihaploids

Production of dihaploids

Session 31

production of doubled haploids

Session 32

Uses of haploids, dihaploids and doubled haploids

Use of haploids, dihaploids and doubled haploids

Practice I

Learning the cytogenetical laboratory techniques

Cytogenetic techniques

Practice 2

Various chemicals to be used for fixation, dehydration, embedding

Fixation

Practice 3

Various chemicals to be used for staining, cleaning.

staining

Practice 4

Microscopy: various types of microscopes

Microscopy

Practice 5

Preparing specimen for observation

Practice 6

Fixative preparation for light microscopy studies in cereals

Practice 7

Fixing specimen for light microscopy studies in cereals

https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/02%3A_How_We_See_the_Invisible_World/2.4%3A_Staining_Microscopic_Specimens#:~:text=The%20second%20method%20of%20preparing,or%20chemically%20treating%20the%20specimen.

Practice 8

Studies on mitosis in crop plants; Onion

Mitosis

Practice 9

Studies on mitosis in crop plants; Lily

Mitosis

Practice 10

Studies on meiosis in crop plants-Tomato, Brinjal

Meiosis

Practice 11

Studies on meiosis in crop plants-Maize and Rice

Meiosis

Practice 12

Using micrometres-studying the pollen grain size in various (Tomato, Brinjal)

Micrometer

Practice 13

Using micrometres-studying the pollen grain size in various crops (rice, Maize)

Micrometer

Practice 15

Pollen germination in vivo

Study Pollen Germination On A Slide

Practice 14

Pollen germination in vitro

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60074

Practice 16

Demonstration of polyploidy

https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/17350

eMaterial

Cytogenetics (eMaterial)

QB Cytogenetics

Assignments

CO-PSO Mapping