Solid State Physics

Course Objectives

Basic understanding of symmetry, electronic and thermodynamic properties of solid state systems and their technological applications.

To impart knowledge of basic theories of the electronic structure of materials.
Students should learn how to understand physical behavior of solids and electronic devices.

Course Outcomes

COs	Course outcomes	Mapping COs with POs (High-3, Medium-2, Low-1)
CO1	Understand the elastic properties of solids and lattice vibration, magnetic properties of condensed matter and the optical properties of solids and the relation to their electronic properties.	PO1-3, PO2-3
CO2	Develop the facility for problems associated with the solid state with respect to semi-conductor physics.	PO2-3, PO5-3, PO9-1
CO3	Outline the importance of solid state physics in the modern society.	PO7-2, PO9-1

Course Outline

Module I: (3 Hours Theory+4 Hours Practice+1 Hour Flipped Class)

Crystal Structure:

Amorphous and crystalline materials. Lattice translation vectors. Lattice with a basis – central and non-central elements, Unit cell, Miller indices, Reciprocal lattice. Types of lattices. Brillouin zones, Diffraction of X-rays by crystals. Bragg’s law, Atomic and geometrical factor.

Practice 1: crystal structure identification

Practice 2: Determination of specific heat of a solid

Module-II: (4 Hours Theory+4 Hours Practice+1 Hour Flipped Class)

Elementary Lattice Dynamics:
Lattice vibrations and phonons: Linear monoatomic lattice, Diatomic lattice Chains. Acoustical and optical Phonons. Qualitative description of the phonon spectrum in solids, Dulong and Petit’s Law, Einstein theory of specific heat of solids.

Practice -3: Study of the Dispersion relation for “Mono-atomic Lattice”. Determination of the Cut-off frequency and Comparison with theory. (using lattice dynamics kit)

Practice -4: To draw the B-H curve of Fe using solenoid & determine energy loss from hysteresis.

Module III: (5 Hours Theory+8 Hours Practice+1 Hour Flipped Class)

Magnetic Properties of Matter:

Dia-, para-, ferri- and ferromagnetic materials. Classical Langevin theory of diamagnetic domains, Classical theory of paramagnetism, Quantum mechanical treatment of paramagnetism. Curie’s law, Weiss’s theory of ferromagnetism and ferromagnetic domains, Discussion of B-H curve. Hysteresis and energy Loss.

Practice 5: Measurement of magnetoresistance [To measure magnetoresistance of a thin (0.5 mm) sample of p-doped (or n-doped) Germanium as a function of magnetic field for 3 different sample current.]

Practice 6: Curie temperature of ferromagnetism.

Practice 7: Determination of magnetic susceptibility paramagnetic substance by Quinck’s method

Practice 8: Curie Weiss law of ferroelectric material.

Module-IV: (5 Hours Theory+4 Hours Practice+1 Hour Flipped Class)

Dielectric Properties of Materials:

Dielectric properties of materials: Polarization. Local electric field at an atom., Depolarization field., Electric susceptibility., Polarizability., Clausius-Mosotti equation., Classical theory of electric polarizability., Normal and anomalous dispersion, Cauchy and Sellmeir relations. Langevin-Debye equation, Complex dielectric constant. Optical phenomena.

Practice 9: Determination of dielectric constant of a material.

Practice 10: To measure the resistivity of a semiconductor (Ge) with temperature by four-probe method (room temperature to 150 0C) and to determine its band gap.

Module-V: (4 Hours Theory+1 Hour Flipped Class).

Superconductivity:

Experimental results. Critical temperature. Critical magnetic field, Meissner effect, Type I and type II superconductors, London’s equation and penetration depth. Isotope effect, Idea of BCS theory(No derivation).

Module VI: (6 Hours Theory+4 Hours Practice+2 Hour Flipped Class).

Elementary Band Theory:

Elementary band theory, Kronig Penny model, Band gap. Classification of materials: conductor, semiconductor and insulator, Semiconductors: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, Conductivity of semiconductor, mobility, Hall Effect, Direct and indirect band gap semiconductors and their behavior to external field.

Practice 11: Hall Effect

Practice 12: I-V Characteristics of a solar cell

Module-VII: (3 Hours Theory+5 Hour Flipped Class).

Semiconductor devices.

Semiconductor materials for solar cell, Semiconductor properties, Transport properties, optical properties, Basic equations of device physics, Semiconductor materials for optoelectronic devices, Photodiode.

Total theory 30 hours, total practice 24 hours and total flipped class 12 hours.

Text Books:

Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, 2011, Narosa Publications
Solid State Physics, S .O.Pilai
Solid State Physics, Gupta Kumar

Reference Books:

Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, 8th Edition, 2004, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 4th Edition, 2015, Prentice-Hall of India
Introduction to Solids, Leonid V. Azaroff, 2004, Tata Mc-Graw Hill

Session Plan

Session 1

Solids: Amorphous and crystalline materials. Lattice translation vectors. Lattice with a basis – central and non-central elements

link 1 https://youtu.be/NYVSI83KiKU

link 2 https://youtu.be/BjVTdZ_htu8

Session 2

Unit cell. Miller indices. Reciprocal lattice. Types of lattices.

Link https://youtu.be/iyJvxOLq02s

Session 3

Brillouin zones. , Diffraction of X-rays by crystals

https://www.slideshare.net/KishanKasundra1/xrd-xray-diffraction-presentation

Session 4

Flip class- 1

Bragg’s Law, Atomic and geometrical Factor

link 1 https://youtu.be/06Y8c3XXNnA

Session 5

Practice -1 (2hrs)

Crystal Structure Identification

link 1 http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=282&sim=370&cnt=1

Session 6

Practice- 2 (2hrs)

Determination of specific heat of a solid

Link 1https://byjus.com/physics/to-determine-specific-heat-capacity-of-given-solid-by-method-of-mixtures/

Session 7

Lattice vibrations and phonons: Linear monoatomic lattice

Link 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4WQs_U1nmU

link 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un4WZ8SGOjQ

link 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxfAV7W2ZFw&t=64s

Session 8

Linear diatomic lattice

link 1 http://physics.usask.ca/~alex/phys470/week4.pdf

link 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTOLkhVElGk

Session 9

Acoustical and optical Phonons.

Link 1 https://youtu.be/_TbVdJ0Xguklink

link 2 https://slideplayer.com/slide/6181589/

Session 10

Qualitative description of the phonon spectrum in solids.

Link 1 https://youtu.be/SEUrum2Fl-0?list=PLP6oHpK3pl6Mv5jdKwtduASkI6is0tC1q

Link 2http://uw.physics.wisc.edu/~himpsel/551/Lectures/Phonons.ppt

Session 11

Flip class - 2

Dulong and Petit’s Law, Einstein theory of specific heat of solids

link 1 https://youtu.be/UhRhONXTVh8

link 2 https://youtu.be/bmrt6T-R62s

Session 12

Practice- 3 (2hrs)

Study of the Dispersion relation for “Mono-atomic Lattice”. Determination of the Cut-off frequency and Comparison with theory. (using lattice dynamics kit)

link 1http://www.mmamc.edu.np/files/campus_download/052fd28476d07ba65c69be6b37152e1c.pdf

Session 13

Practice- 4 (2hrs)

To draw the B-H curve of Fe using solenoid & determine energy loss from hysteresis.

link 1 http://link 1 http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=282&sim=1507&cnt=1

Session 14

Dia-, para-, ferri- and ferromagnetic materials.

link 1 https://youtu.be/-nqgbqN1e64

link 2 https://youtu.be/GXIP6_LX2Ss

link 3 https://www.slideshare.net/VikshitGanjoo/classification-of-magnetic-materials-on-the-basis-of-magnetic-moment

Session 15

Classical Langevin theory of diamagnetic domains

link 1 https://youtu.be/kF5Mu_v2IQE

link 2 https://youtu.be/gJrmXcBKG4A

link 3 http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/l3_magnetism.pdf (PPT)

Session 16

Classical theory of paramagnetism

link 1 https://youtu.be/4j_cLKjIIdM

Session 17

Quantum mechanical treatment of paramagnetism. Curie’s law

Link 1 https://youtu.be/p-ejEqZpfSU

link 2 http://stxavierstn.edu.in/ict_ppts/phy/anavenus/9.pdf (PPT)

Session 18

Weiss’s theory of ferromagnetism and ferromagnetic Domains.

Link 1 https://youtu.be/Bb2EZezvYMs

Link 2 https://youtu.be/cWbWu9lfFEE

link 3 http://slideplayer.com/slide/15285802/

Session 19

Flip class- 3

Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and energy loss.

Link 1 https://youtu.be/gPYOiqBT9VY

Link 2 https://youtu.be/jYJ00IqUNTo

Session 20

Practice -5 (2hrs)

Measurement of magnetoresistance [To measure magnetoresistance of a thin (0.5 mm) sample of p-doped (or n-doped) Germanium as a function of magnetic field for 3 different sample current.]

link 1https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/~ph324/ExptManuals/Magnetoesistance.pdf