States of Matter and Ionic Equilibrium
Teacher
Dr. Shraban Kumar Sahoo
Category
Core Courses
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Course Name : States of Matter and Ionic Equilibrium
Code(Credit) : CUTM1470 (3-2-1)
Course Objectives
To develop basic and advance concepts regarding the three states of matter.
To derive the expressions for determining the physical properties of gases, liquids and solids.
Learning Outcomes
| COs | Course outcomes | Mapping COs with POs (High-3, Medium-2, Low-1) |
| CO1 | Derive mathematical expressions for different properties of gas, liquid and solids and understand their physical significance. Explain the crystal structure and calculate related properties of cubic systems. | PO1 (3) |
| CO2 | Explain the concept of ionization of electrolytes with emphasis on weak acid and base and hydrolysis of salt. | PO2(3) |
| CO3 | Apply the concepts of gas equations, pH and electrolytes while studying other chemistry courses, everyday life and industries. | PO3(2), PO4 (1), PO5(1) |
Course Syllabus
Course Outline
Module I
Gaseous state-I:
Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, causes of deviation. Van der Waals equation of state for real gases, Boyle temperature (derivation not required), Critical phenomena,critical constants and their calculation from van der Waals equation.
Assignment-1: Empirical Gas Laws
Assignment-2: Ideal gas equation
Module II
Gaseous state-II:
Maxwell Boltzmann distribution laws of molecular velocities, Molecular energies (graphic representation – derivation not required) and their importance, Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most probable, average and root mean square velocities, Collision cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision diameter and mean free path of molecules. Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and pressure on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only)
Assignment-3: Degrees of freedom of the gaseous molecule
Assignment-4: Liquefaction of gases
Module III
Liquid state:
Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state, Physical properties of liquids; vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their determination, Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity. Temperature variation of viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases
Assignment-5: Thermodynamic and intermolecular forces in solution
Practice-1: Determination of surface tension
Practice-2: Determination of Viscosity of Organic Solvents
Practice-3: Determination of co-efficient of viscosity of an unknown aqueous solution
Practice-4: Study the variation of surface tension of detergent solutions with concentration
Module IV
Solid state:
Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller indices, Elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, qualitative idea of point and space groups, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices. X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, a simple account of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method, Analysis of powder diffraction patterns of NaCl, CsCl and KCl
Assignment-6: Calculating the intensity of diffraction using the structure factor equation
Practice-5: Indexing of a given powder diffraction pattern of a cubic crystalline system.
Module V
Ionic equilibria-I:
Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, Degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ions effect, dissociation constants of mono and diprotic acids
Assignment -7: Strength of acids and bases
Practice-6: Determination of the pH scale by the method of successive dilutions
Practice-7: Study the effect of addition of HCl/NaOH on pH to the solutions of acetic acid, sodium acetate and their mixtures.
Module VI
Ionic equilibria-II:
Degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, Ionization constant and ionic product of water, Buffer solutions; derivation of Henderson equation and its applications, Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle
Assignment-8: Mixture of two weak acids
Assignment-9: Ionization of polyprotic acids
Practice-8: Determination of solubility product
Practice-9: Designing a buffer solution with a specific pH
Module VII
Ionic equilibria-III:
Qualitative treatment of acid – base titration curves, Calculation of pH at various stages, Theory of acid–base indicators, Selection of indicators and their limitations
Assignment-10: Common acid-base indicators and their properties
Practice-10: To determine the amount of substance in a solution of unknown concentration using various titrimetric methods
Practice-11: pH metric titration of (i) strong acid with strong base, (ii) weak acid with strong base
Practice-12: Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid
Book References:
Theory:
Atkins, P.W.; Paula, J.de. (2014),Atkin’s Physical Chemistry Ed., 10th Edition, Oxford University Press.
Ball, D. W. (2017),Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition,Cengage Learning, India.
Castellan, G. W. (2004),Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition, Narosa.
Kapoor, K.L. (2015),A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Vol 1, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill Education.
Practical:
Khosla, B.D.; Garg, V.C.; Gulati, A. (2015),Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
Kapoor, K.L. (2019),A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Vol.7, 1st Edition, McGraw Hill Education.
Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W.; Shoemaker, D. P.( 2003),Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Additional Resources:
Moore, W.J. (1972),Physical Chemistry, 5th Edition,Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.
Glasstone, S. (1948), Textbook of Physical Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand company, N
Session Plan
Session 1
Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, causes of deviation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZ5TudsST0w&t=58s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIC3EPMeSfM
Session 2
Van der Waals equation of state for real gases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9-6jN_pQJk
Session 3
Boyle temperature (derivation not required)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmGOJC4rpME
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArfZnxC0Otc&list=PLXiOXPiH3p39oDxXXUwpyHvPFT8HwCn2Q
Session 4
Critical phenomena, critical constants and their calculation from van der Waals equation
Session 5
Assignment -1: Flip Class (2 hours)
Empirical Gas Laws
Session 6
Assignment-2: Flip Class
Ideal gas equation
Session 7
Maxwell Boltzmann distribution laws of molecular velocities
Session 8
Molecular energies (graphic representation – derivation not required) and their importance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hRlok5Vmog
Session 9
Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most probable, average and root mean square velocities
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSTRa27a3BQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S9cuYascPQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGFHB4ZFwdQ
Session 10
Collision cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision diameter and mean free path of molecules
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQN5FoYh6gA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1yZPDXjvCI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohXX6it-GPU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7RfLCmN3aQ
Session 11
Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and pressure on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only)
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/101103004/pdf/mod1.pdf
Session 12
Assignment-3: Flip Class (2 hours)
Degrees of freedom of the gaseous molecule
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/ideal-gases/polyatomic-gases-IOk7F
Session 13
Session 14
Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state
Session 15
Physical properties of liquids; vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their determination
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/sports-building-aerodynamics/1-1-fluid-properties-part-1-zzn0m
Session 16
Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity
Session 17
Temperature variation of viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLd9KzVUjTE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6u5rIMuVL5E
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/sports-building-aerodynamics/1-3-fluid-properties-part-3-GoZVO
Session 18
Assignment -5: Flip Class
Thermodynamic and intermolecular forces in solution
Session 19
Practice-1: Determination of surface tension (2 hours)
Session 20
Practice-2: Determination of Viscosity of Organic Solvents (2 hours)
Session 21
Practice-3: Determination of co-efficient of viscosity of an unknown aqueous solution (2 hours)
Session 22
Practice-4: Study the variation of surface tension of detergent solutions with concentration(2 hours)
Session 23
Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller indices
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPMrsLx8kTw
https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/104104101/L01.html
Session 24
Elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, qualitative idea of point and space groups, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-069-crystal-structure-analysis-spring-2010/lecture-notes/
https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/104104101/L01.html
Session 25
X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, a simple account of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method
https://www.iitk.ac.in/che/pdf/resources/XRD-reading-material.pdf
Session 26
Analysis of powder diffraction patterns of NaCl, CsCl and KCl
https://www.iitk.ac.in/che/pdf/resources/XRD-reading-material.pdf
Session 27
Assignment-6: Flip Class
Calculating the intensity of diffraction using the structure factor equation
http://pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk/pdnn/diff2/structf.htm
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/microscopy/dynamical-scattering-RGMpx
Session 28
Practice-5: Indexing of a given powder diffraction pattern of a cubic crystalline system(2 hours)
Session 29
Session 30
Degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization
Session 31
Ionization constant and ionic product of water
Session 32
Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale,common ion effect
Session 33
Dissociation constants of mono and diprotic acids
Session 34
Assignment -7: Flip Class
Strength of acids and bases
https://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/strength-of-acids-and-bases
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/advanced-chemistry/3-03-acid-strength-rh29r
Session 35
Practice-6: Determination of the pH scale by the method of successive dilutions (2 hours)
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-310-laboratory-chemistry-fall-2017/
Session 36
Practice-7: Study the effect of addition of HCl/NaOH on pH to the solutions of acetic acid, sodium acetate and their mixtures (2 hours)
Session 37
Degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization
Session 38
Ionization constant and ionic product of water
Session 39
Buffer solutions; derivation of Henderson equation and its applications
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/advanced-chemistry/4-02-ph-of-buffer-solutions-Wu0n3
Session 40
Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle
Session 41
Assignment -7: Flip Class
Mixture of two weak acids
https://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/mixture-of-two-weak-acids
Session 42
Assignment -8: Flip Class
Ionization of polyprotic acids
https://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/Ionization-of-polyprotic-acids
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/advanced-chemistry/3-08-polyprotic-acids-MCyOE
Session 43
Practice-8: Determination of solubility product (2 hours)
Session 44
Practice-9: Designing a buffer solution with a specific pH (2 hours)
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-310-laboratory-chemistry-fall-2017/
Session 45
Session 47
Theory of acid–base indicators
Session 48
Selection of indicators and their limitations
Session 49
Assignment -10: Flip Class
Common acid-base indicators and their properties
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/advanced-chemistry/4-08-indicators-NVTIP
Session 50
Practice-10: To determine the amount of substance in a solution of unknown concentration using various titrimetric methods (2 hours)
Session 51
Practice-11: pH metric titration of (i) strong acid with strong base, (ii) weak acid with strong base (2 hours)
Session 52
Practice-12: Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid (2 hours)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3Oa0L404oM
https://www.me.stier.org/Downloads/Lab17-DissociationConstantofWeakAcids.pdf
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Our Main Teachers
Shraban Kumar Sahoo completed his master degree in Chemistry from NIT Rourkela, in 2014 and his Ph.D. in Material and Industrial chemistry from NIT Rourkela in 2019 on thesis entitle “Graphene based metal oxide nanocomposites for removal of toxic pollutants from synthetic as well as industrials waste water”. During his PhD, he published one ACS, […]