Waves and Optics

Teacher

Mr.T Jaganatha Patro

Category

Core Courses

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Course Name: Waves and Optics

Code(Credit) :CUTM1486(3-2-1)

Course Objectives

  • To aware the students about the various phenomena of waves and optics.
  • To solve many types of problems involving wave motion.
  • To understand the phenomenon like Interference, Diffraction through practice mode.

Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

  • Understand the physics behind various phenomena in waves and optics.
  • Understand various natural phenomena (like interference and diffraction) that are happening in their surroundings.
  • Understand longitudinal, transverse waves and their applications.

Course Syllabus

Module-I
Superposition of Collinear Harmonic oscillations: Linearity and Superposition Principle. Superposition of two collinear oscillations having (1) equal frequencies and (2) different frequencies (Beats).

Wave Motion: Plane and Spherical Waves. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves.Plane Progressive (Travelling) Waves.Wave Equation. Particle and Wave Velocities. Differential Equation. The pressure of a Longitudinal Wave. Energy Transport. The intensity of Wave. Water Waves: Ripple and Gravity Waves.

Module-II
The velocity of Waves: Velocity of Transverse Vibrations of Stretched Strings. The velocity of Longitudinal Waves in a Fluid in a Pipe. Newton’s Formula for Velocity of Sound. Laplace’s Correction.

Module-III
Superposition of Two Harmonic Waves: Standing (Stationary) Waves in a String: Fixed and Free Ends. Analytical Treatment.Phase and Group Velocities. Changes with respect to Position and Time.The energy of the Vibrating String.Transfer of Energy.normal modes of Stretched Strings. Plucked and Struck Strings. Melde’s Experiment.Longitudinal Standing Waves and Normal Modes.Open and Closed Pipes.Superposition of N Harmonic Waves.

Module-IV
Wave Optics
Interference: Huygens Principle.Division of amplitude and wavefront. Young’s double-slit experiment.Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on reflection: Stokes’ treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films. Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness (Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings: Measurement of wavelength and refractive index.

Practice 1. To determine the wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.

Practice 2. To determine the refractive index of liquid using Newton's Rings.

Module-V
Interferometer: Michelson Interferometer-(1) Idea of the form of fringes (No theory required), (2) Determination of Wavelength, (3) Wavelength Difference, (4) refractive index, and (5) Visibility of Fringes. Fabry-Perot interferometer.

Practice 3. To determine the wavelength of sodium source using Michelson’s interferometer.

Practice 4. To determine the refractive index of a thin glass plate using Michelson’s interferometer.

Practice 5. To determine the wavelength of a laser using Michelson’s interferometer.

Module-VI
Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit. Circular aperture, Resolving Power of a telescope. Double slit. Multiple slits. Diffraction grating. Resolving power of grating.

Practice 6. To determine the wavelength of Na source using a plane diffraction grating.

Practice 7. To determine dispersive power and resolving power of a plane diffraction grating.

Module-VII
Fresnel Diffraction: Fresnel’s Assumptions. Fresnel’s half-Period Zones for Plane Wave. Explanation of Rectilinear Propagation of Light. Theory of a Zone Plate: Multiple Foci of a Zone Plate. Fresnel’s Integral, Fresnel diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a slit, and a wire.

Practice 8. To study Lissajous Figures.

Practice 9. To calculate the velocity of ultrasonic sound through different liquid media

Practice 10. To calculate the adiabatic compressibility of the given liquid

Practice 11. To calculate the beam of divergence and spot size of the given laser beam.

Practice 12. To investigate the motion of coupled oscillators

Text Books
Optics, Ajoy Ghatak, 2008, Tata McGraw Hill. 

Reference Books
1. Waves: Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 3, Francis Crawford, 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
2. Fundamentals of Optics, F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White, 1981, McGraw-Hill
3. Principles of Optics, Max Born and Emil Wolf, 7th Edn., 1999, Pergamon Press.
4. The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, H. J. Pain, 2013, John Wiley and Sons.
5. The Physics of Waves and Oscillations, N.K. Bajaj, 1998, Tata McGraw Hill.
6. Fundamentals of Optics, A. Kumar, H.R. Gulati, and D.R. Khanna, 2011, R. ChandPublications.

Session Plan

Session 1

Superposition of Collinear Harmonic oscillations:

Linearity and Superposition Principle.

https://youtu.be/0JcCppja3VA

Session 2

Superposition of two collinear oscillations having (1) equal frequencies and (2) different frequencies (Beats).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIogELkDMvg

Session 3

Wave Motion: Plane and Spherical Waves.

https://youtu.be/KiogELkDMvg

 

Session 4

Session 5

Plane Progressive (Travelling) Waves.Wave Equation.

https://youtu.be/XWVGL2h9jCM

Session 6

Particle and Wave Velocities, Differential Equation

https://youtu.be/UV1W8UrfZFw

https://youtu.be/p_di4Zn4wz4

Session 7

Session 8

Energy Transport, Intensity of Wave

https://youtu.be/WcHPkrnpYYQ

https://youtu.be/2Kos5VrtTtA

Session 9

Assignment-3\Flip Class-3

Water Waves: Ripple and Gravity Waves.

https://youtu.be/opz61LqZTFM

https://youtu.be/4GbWfNHtHRg

Session 10

The velocity of Waves:

The velocity of Transverse Vibrations of Stretched Strings

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klN2-bCzJb4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKn1XH1YR6Y

Session 11

Assignment-4\Flip Class-4

The velocity of Longitudinal Waves in a Fluid in a Pipe

https://youtu.be/bSA4gfiahNw?list=PLAGP7RjiIlU5NCq23OMxbxrznGPiSTox5

Session 12

Newton’s Formula for Velocity of Sound. Laplace’s Correction.

https://youtu.be/Gy7HqToiBvo

Waves:PDF

Session 13

Superposition of Two Harmonic Waves:

Standing (Stationary) Waves in a String: Fixed and Free Ends.

https://youtu.be/beG8sMf3XJ4https://youtu.be/0JcCppja3VA

Session 14

Assignment-5\Flip Class-5

Superposition of Two Harmonic Waves: Standing (Stationary) Waves in a String: Fixed and Free End: Analytical Treatment.

https://youtu.be/beG8sMf3XJ4https://youtu.be/0JcCppja3VA

Session 15

Phase and Group Velocities. Changes with respect to Position and Time

https://youtu.be/EIqKG5TiSYs

Session 16

The energy of the Vibrating String.Transfer of Energy

https://youtu.be/yNJ06JQDGEM

Session 17

Normal Modes of Stretched Strings

https://youtu.be/cnH2ItfW48U

Session 18

Plucked and Struck Strings. Melde’s Experiment

https://youtu.be/_X72on6CSL0pluck

Session 19

Assignment-6\Flip Class-6

Longitudinal Standing Waves and Normal Modes.Open and Closed Pipes.

https://www.udemy.com/course/physics-of-simple-harmonic-motion-waves-sound/

Session 21

Session 23

Session 24

Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism.

https://youtu.be/oux4BWIzZxM

https://youtu.be/qUYU5WV0V5Q

Session 25

Phase change on reflection: Stokes’ treatment

https://youtu.be/xtOmJCJIwA0

Session 26

Assignment-8\Flip Class-8

Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films.

https://youtu.be/EeJwn42EEqc

Session 27

Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness (Fizeau Fringes).

https://youtu.be/2vWjhd6NzDg

Session 29

Practice-1

To determine the wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=189&sim=335&cnt=1

https://youtu.be/PU-SeNfIRcs

Session 30

Practice-2

To determine the refractive index of liquid using Newton's Rings.

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=189&sim=1520&cnt=1

Session 31

Interferometer:

Michelson Interferometer-(1) Idea of the form of fringes (No theory required), (2) Determination of Wavelength

https://youtu.be/9ycQolopz6g

Session 32

Assignment-9\Flip Class-9

Michelson Interferometer-(3) Wavelength Difference.

https://youtu.be/MFRlC3Vlm8Q

Session 33

Michelson Interferometer-(4) Refractive Index, and (5) Visibility of Fringes

https://youtu.be/ESk6vehQtRw

Session 35

Practice-3

To determine the wavelength of sodium source using Michelson’s interferometer.

https://youtu.be/if3lc6jT-28

Session 36

Practice-4

To determine the refractive index of a thin glass plate using Michelson’s interferometer

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=189&sim=1519&cnt=1

Session 37

Practice-5

To determine the wavelength of a laser using Michelson’s interferometer.

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=189&sim=1106&cnt=1

Session 38

Fraunhofer diffraction:

Single slit.

https://youtu.be/ypFkphJ8gNQ

Session 40

Assignment-11\Flip Class-11

Resolving Power of a telescope.

https://youtu.be/X12PYCegmok

Session 41

Multiple slits, Diffraction grating

https://youtu.be/EUA8KYv-je4

Session 42

Session 43

Practice-6

To determine the wavelength of Na source using a plane diffraction grating.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUA8KYv-je4&list=RDCMUCXvKiwWVq5mvrfICSfzmyug&start_radio=1&t=165

Session 44

Practice-7

To determine dispersive power and resolving power of a plane diffraction grating.

https://youtu.be/hnbCvDCN6mE

Session 45

Fresnel Diffraction:

Fresnel’s Assumptions. Fresnel’s half-Period Zones for Plane Wave

https://youtu.be/DuPbUcsmNuI

https://youtu.be/uf3Y0-6NbjQ

Session 46

Theory of a Zone Plate, Multiple Foci of a Zone Plate

https://youtu.be/uf3Y0-6NbjQ

Session 47

Assignment-12\Flip Class-12

Explanation of Rectilinear Propagation of Light, Fresnel’s Integral.

https://youtu.be/uf3Y0-6NbjQ

Session 48

Fresnel diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a slit, and a wire.

https://youtu.be/IQodXQrB_Hw

 

Session 49

Fresnel diffraction pattern of a straight edge, a slit, and a wire continue

https://youtu.be/IQodXQrB_Hw

https://www.slideshare.net/shivanand1964/frsnels-theory-of-diffraction

Session 50

Practice-8

To study Lissajous Figures.

https://youtu.be/oaDjCc5JsAY

Session 51

Practice-9

To calculate the velocity of ultrasonic sound through different liquid media

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=201&sim=803&cnt=1

Session 52

Practice-10

To calculate the adiabatic compressibility of the given liquid

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=201&sim=803&cnt=1

Session 53

Practice-11

To calculate the beam of divergence and spot size of the given laser beam.

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=189&sim=342&cnt=1

Session 54

Practice-12

To investigate the motion of coupled oscillators.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyOUJUOUvso

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljaQr6YOVnk

Case Studies

Case Studies

Our Main Teachers

Mr.T Jaganatha Patro

Assistant Professor in School of Applied Sciences Department of Physics
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Mr. T Jaganathapatro obtained his M.Sc and M.Tech degree from Berhampur University. His specializations include Electronics and Communication and Electrodynamics. He has invested 05 years of teaching and mentoring to the students in technical and non-technical institutions. He has published many papers in national and international journals of repute, and also presented papers in national […]