OPTOMETRIC OPTICS I

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Sravani Mereddy

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Course Name : Optometric Optics I

Code: CUTM1787

Course Objectives

  • Understand the theory, materials, types, advantages, and disadvantages of spectacle lenses and frames.
  • Learn when and how to prescribe spectacles, including the considerations for different types of lenses and frames.
  • Gain knowledge on the construction, design, and application of lenses, with a focus on the methods of calculating their power and optical effects.

Course Outcomes

After Completion of this course the students will be able to:

 

CO 1: Understand techniques such as measurement of lens power, lens centration    using conventional techniques. Transposition of various types of lenses.

CO 2: Identify different forms of lenses (equi-convex, plano convex, periscopic, etc.)

CO 3: Implement concept of final checking of finished spectacle with frame adjustments, delivery, and follow-up

CO 4: Develop lens verification and axis marking and fitting of all lens types

CO 5: Design basic optical concept for visual function


Course Syllabus

MODULE-I: 

Fundamentals of Optics

  • Introduction;
  • Light, Mirror, Reflection, Refraction, and Absorption;
  • Basic principles and applications in optometry;

MODULE-II: 

Prisms and Their Applications

  • Prisms;
  • Definition, properties, and refraction through prisms;
  • Thickness difference, Base-apex notation, uses, nomenclature, and units;
  • Sign conventions, Fresnel’s prisms, rotary prisms;

PRACTICE:

Prismatic effects

 

MODULE-III: 

Lenses and Lensometry

  • Lenses;
  • Definition, units, and terminology;
  • Introduction to spectacle lenses, forms of lenses;
  • Spherical, cylindrical, and spherocylindrical lenses;
  • Vertex distance and vertex power, effectivity calculations;

             PRACTICE:

             Lensometry and Hand Neutralisation

 

MODULE-IV: 

Transpositions and Prismatic Effects

  • Transpositions and Prismatic Effects;
  • Simple, toric, and spherical equivalent transpositions;
  • Prismatic effect, centration, decentration, and Prentice rule;
  • Prismatic effect of plano-cylinder and sphero-cylinder lenses;

PRACTICE:

Simple & toric transpositions;

 

MODULE-V: 

Advanced Lens Concepts and Aberrations

  • Advanced Lens Concepts;
  • Spherometer & sag formula;
  • Edge thickness calculations;
  • Magnification in high plus lenses, minification in high minus lenses;
  • Tilt-induced power in spectacles;
  • Aberrations in ophthalmic lenses;

      PRACTICE:

Spherometer, edge thickness calculations;

 

Reference Books:

  1. Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition
  2. M. JALIE: Principles of Ophthalmic Lenses, Edn. 3, 1994.
  3. CLIFFORD W BROOKS & IRVIN M BORISH: System for Ophthalmic Dispensing


Session Plan

Module I - 8 hrs (Demonstration before taking theory class)

Session-1 

Introduction – Light - Through PPT - 2 hrs

Suggested reading:Optics-I by N.Subrahmanyam pg.no.4-8

Session-2

 

Introduction to reflection,mirrors and clinical application - 3 hrs

Suggested reading: Geometric and visual optics, pg.no.217-240

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIWEJEYD-bg

Session-3

 

Reflection and Scattering - 3 hrs

Suggested reading:Geometric and visual optics, pg.no.15-28

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIWEJEYD-bg

 

Assignment 1 -Write about the different properties of light and its applications in ophthalmic instruments

 

Reference Book:

Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition

 

Module II - 8 hrs

 

Session- 4

Prisms–Definition, properties, Refraction through prisms - 2 hrs

Suggested reading: Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.94-99;Geometrical and visual optics 149-163; 

Optics and refraction:A.K.Khurana 19-22

 

Session-5

 

Prisms– Refraction through prisms - 2 hrs

Suggested reading: Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.94-99;Geometrical and visual optics 149-163; 

 

Optics and refraction:A.K.Khurana 19-22

 

Session-6

 

Fresnel Prisms - 2 hrs

Suggested reading: Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.94-99;Geometrical and visual optics 149-163; Optics and refraction:A.K.Khurana 19-22

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6bn__rnwj0&rco=1

 

Session-7

 

FP & Applications - 1 hr

Suggested reading: Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.94-99;Geometrical and visual optics 149-163; 

Optics and refraction:A.K.Khurana 19-22

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6bn__rnwj0&rco=1

 

Session-8

 

Risley prisms - 1 hr (Video clips)

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.120-122

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYA2yNEuTsk

 

Assignment 2 -Prisms and its applications in ophthalmic lenses

 

Reference Book:

Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition

 

Session - 8 Practice - Prismatic effects- Calculate the prismatic effect for spherical lenses - 

06 hours - Dispensing Lab 

 

  • Demonstration of prismatic effects through ophthalmic lenses using optic centre and torch light in Dispensing Laboratory - 50 practice lenses for each student

 

Module III - 10 hrs

 

Session-9

 

Lenses – Definition, units, terminology used to describe, form of lenses - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.26-36; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra 26-40; 

Optics and refraction,A.K.Khurana 220-223

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ6aB5ULqa0

 

Session-10

 

Vertex distance and vertex power, Effectivity calculations - 2 hrs

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.62-71; Optics and refraction,A.K.Khurana 220-226

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2WSsOK-3Nc

 

Session-11

 

Effectivety calculations - 2hrs

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.62-71; Optics and refraction,A.K.Khurana 220-226

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2WSsOK-3Nc

 

Assignment:3 -Vertex distance and analyze its relation with Myopes and Hyperopes

 

Session -12

 

Lens shape, size and types - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.26-36; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra 26-40; 

Optics and refraction,A.K.Khurana 220-226;

System for ophthalmic dispensing:C.W.Brooks 287-292 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ6aB5ULqa0

 

Session: Presentations - Group A (Roll No 1,3&7) - Recent Advances in ophthalmic lenses

 

Session-13

 

Lens shape, size and types i.e. spherical - 2 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.26-36; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra 26-40; 

Optics and refraction,A.K.Khurana 220-226;

System for ophthalmic dispensing:C.W.Brooks 287-292

 

Session-14

 

Lens shape, size and types i.e. cylindrical and sphero-cylindrical - 2 hrs

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.26-36; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra 26-40;

 Optics and refraction,A.K.Khurana 220-226;

System for ophthalmic dispensing:C.W.Brooks 287-292 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ6aB5ULqa0

 

Session 13-  Practice - Dispensing Lab - Lensometry, hand neutralization- Calculate and analyze the lens power using lensometry and hand neutralization  - 18 hours

 

  • Demonstration of calculation of lens power through lensometry - spherical and cylindrical, spherocylindrical lenses - 50 practice lenses for each student - 09 hours

 

  • Demonstration of calculation of lens power through Hand neutralization using trial box and lenses - spherical and cylindrical, spherocylindrical lenses - 50 practice lenses for each lens type for each student - 09 hours

 

Module IV - 8 hrs

 

Session-15

 

Transpositions – Simple - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.66-70; System for ophthalmic dispensing:C.W.Brooks pg.no.292-301

 

Session-16

 

Transpositions – Toric and Spherical equivalent - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.66-70; System for ophthalmic dispensing:C.W.Brooks pg.no.292-301

 

Assignment:4 - 100 examples for each type of transpositions

 

Session-17

 

Prismatic effect - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.97-120

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO8e8ql62rQ

 

Session-18

 

Prismatic effect, centration, decentration and Prentice rule - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.97-120

 

Session-19

 

Prismatic effect of Plano-cylinder - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin & T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.97-120 

Video

 

Session-20

 

Prismatic effect of Plano-cylinder - 1hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.97-120

 

Session-21

 

Prismatic effect of sphero-cylinder lenses - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.97-120

 

Session: Presentations - Group B(Roll No 9&11) - Prismatic effect in Ophthalmic instruments 

 

Session-22

 

Prismatic effect of sphero-cylinder lenses - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.97-120

 

Assignment:5 Prismatic effect and its application on various types of lenses

 

Reference Book - Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.97-120

 

Session - Practice - Dispensing Lab - Spherometer, edge thickness calculations- Calculate the edge thickness -10 hours

 

  • Demonstration of edge thickness and calculation using geneva lens and ophthalmic lenses in dispensing laboratory

 

Module V - 12 hrs

 

Session-23

 

Spherometer - 1 hr

Suggested reading:System for ophthalmic dispensing C.W.Brooks chapter pg.no.308-333 

Video

 

  • Guest lecture by Mr Srikanth Maseedupally from LVPEI  on Spherometer - Tentative date  22-08-2025

 

Session-24

 

Spherometer & Sag formula - 1hr

Suggested reading:System for ophthalmic dispensing C.W.Brooks chapter pg.no.308-333

Video

 

Session-25

 

Spherometer & Sag formula, Sagittal Depth - 1 hr

Suggested reading:System for ophthalmic dispensing C.W.Brooks chapter pg.no.308-333

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kixoBFr-3xo

 

Session-26

 

Edge thickness calculations - 1hr

Suggested reading:System for ophthalmic dispensing C.W.Brooks chapter pg.no.308-333 

Video

 

Session-27

 

Edge thickness calculations, Sag depth - 1hr

Suggested reading:System for ophthalmic dispensing C.W.Brooks chapter pg.no.308-333

Video

 

Session-28

 

Edge thickness calculations, Sag depth - 1 hr Checking of examples

Suggested reading:System for ophthalmic dispensing C.W.Brooks chapter pg.no.308-333

Video

 

Session: Presentations - Group C (Roll No 2&4)  - Spherometer 

 

Session-29

 

Magnification in high plus lenses - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.179-186

 

Session-30

 

Magnification in high plus lenses - 1 hr - Checking examples

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.179-186

Video

 

Session-31

 

Minification in high minus lenses - 1 hr 

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.179-186

 

Assignment 6: Magnification and Minification with respect to the lenses, Give case studies

 

Session-32

 

Tilt induced power in spectacles - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.55-56;  Optics and refraction:A.K.Khurana 1st chapter;Geometric and visual optics 15th chapter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNEWRk4jaNs

 

Session-33

 

Tilt induced power in ophthalmic lenses - 1hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.55-56;  Optics and refraction:A.K.Khurana 1st chapter;Geometric and visual optics 15th chapter

 

Session-34

 

Tilt induced power in ophthalmic lenses - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Clinical Optics: T E Fannin& T Grosvenor, 2nd edition,pg.no.55-56;  Optics and refraction:A.K.Khurana 1st chapter;Geometric and visual optics 15th chapter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNEWRk4jaNs

 

Session-35

 

Aberration in Ophthalmic Lenses -1 hr

Suggested reading:Geometric and visual optics:pg.no.176-186; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra pg.no.54-63

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX_fCAszKT0

 

Session-36

 

Aberration in Ophthalmic Lenses - Longitudinal - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Geometric and visual optics:pg.no.176-186; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra pg.no.54-63

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX_fCAszKT0

 

Session-37

 

Aberration in Ophthalmic Lenses - Coma - 1 hr

Suggested reading:Geometric and visual optics:pg.no.176-186; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra pg.no.54-63 visual optics:pg.no.176-186; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra pg.no.54-63 

 

Session: Presentations - Group D (Roll No 6&10) - Article presentation on recent developments in eradications of ophthalmic aberrations

 

Session-38

 

Aberration in Ophthalmic Lenses - Spherical -1 hr

Suggested reading:Geometric and visual optics:pg.no.176-186; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra pg.no.54-63 

 

Assignment 7 - Evaluate aberrations and its applications in various refractive errors

 

Reference book - Geometric and visual optics:pg.no.176-186; Ophthalmic lenses:A.J.Botra pg.no.54-63 

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