Developmental Biology

Teacher

Dr Yashaswi Nayak

Category

Core Courses

Course Name : Developmental Biology

Code(Credit) : CUTM1509(3-2-1)

Course Objectives

  • The course is so designed for acquiring knowledge to know the process of reproduction and the development of embryo.
  •  The objective of this course is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the concepts of early animal development.
  •  Students taking this course must develop a critical appreciation of methodologies specifically used to study the process of embryonic development in animals.

Learning Outcomes

  • Students will get the knowledge about the reproductive and development processes and can apply the acquired knowledge for higher study.
  •  This course will provide a comprehensive understanding of the concepts of early animal development.
  •  Students will be able to predict the lineage outcome of transplanting mesodermal cell populations from anterior heart fields to posterior to presomitic tail bud.

Course Syllabus

Module -I- Historical perspective and basic concepts (4h)

    • 1.1 - Historical perspective and basic concepts: Phases of development
    • 1.2 - Cell-Cell interaction, Pattern development
    • 1.3 - Differentiation and growth, Differential gene expression
    • 1.4 - Cytoplasmic determinants and asymmetric cell division

Assignment

From the topic - Differential gene expression and Pattern formation

Practice (2h)

Study of whole mounts and sections of developmental stages of frog through permanent slides: Cleavage stages, blastula, gastrula

 

Module-II- Various Developmental aspects (4h)

  • 2.1 - Early Embryonic Development
  • 2.2 - Gametogenesis
  • 2.3 - Spermatogenesis
  • 2.4 - Oogenesis and Types of egg
  • 2.5 - Egg Membranes

Assignment 

From the topic- Types of egg and egg membranes

Practice (2h)

Study of whole mounts and sections of developmental stages of frog through permanent slides: neurula, tail-bud stage,tadpole (external and internal gill stages).

 

Module-III- Fertilization (5 h)

    • 3.1 - Fertilization (External and Internal)
    • 3.2 - Changes in gametes, Blocks to polyspermy
    • 3.3 - Planes and patterns of cleavage
    • 3.4 - Types of Blastula

Assignment

From the Topic- Planes and patterns of clevage

Practice (2h)

Study of T.S of Testis , Semen sample , Graffian follicle( Mature follicle about to release an ovum) and corpus luteum through permanent slides.

 

Module - IV- Fate Maps (4h)

    • 4.1 - Fate maps (including Techniques)
    • 4.2 - Early development of frog up to gastrulation
    • 4.3 - Early development of chick up to gastrulation
    • 4.4 - Embryonic induction and Organisers

Assignment

From the topic- Gastrulation of chick embryo and frog embryo

Practice (2h)

  1.  Study of whole mounts of developmental stages of chick through permanent slides: Primitive streak (13 and 18 hours).
  2.  Study of Whole mounts of chick embryo 21, 24, 28, 33, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours of incubation.

 

Module -V- Embryonic development (5h)

    • 5.1 - Late Embryonic Development: Fate of Germ Layers
    • 5.2 - Extra-embryonic membranes in birds
    • 5.3 - Implantation of embryo in humans
    • 5.4 - Placenta (Structure, types and functions of placenta)
    • 5.5 - Post Embryonic Development. Metamorphosis: Changes, hormonal regulations in amphibians and insects.

Assignment

From the topic- Post embryonic development and Metamorphosis

Practice

Study of the developmental stages and life cycle of Drosophila from stock culture.

 

Module-VI- Regeneration (3 h)

    • 6.1 - Regeneration: Modes of regeneration
    • 6.2 - epimorphosis, morphallaxis and compensatory regeneration (with one example each).

Assignment

From the topic- Modes of Regeneration

Practice

Study of different sections of placenta (photomicropgraph/ slides)

 

Module- VII- Ageing (5h)

    • 7.1 - Ageing: Concepts and Theories
    • 7.2 - Implications of Developmental Biology Teratogenesis:
    • 7.3 - Teratogenic agents and their effects on embryonic, development
    • 7.4 - In vitro fertilization
    • 7.5 - Concept of Stem cell
    • 7.6 - Amniocentesis

Assignment

From the topic- Teratogens and stem cell

Practice

Project report on Drosophila culture/chick embryo development

 

Text Books: 

Verma, Agrawal, 2007,Embryology,Rostogi Publication

Reference Books: 

  • Gilbert, S. F. (2010). Developmental Biology, IX Edition, Sinauer Associates,Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA 
  • Balinsky B. I. and Fabian B. C. (1981). An Introduction to Embryology, V Edition, International Thompson Computer Press 
  • Carlson, R. F. Patten's Foundations of Embryology Kalthoff (2008). Analysis of Biological Development, II Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishers
  • Lewis Wolpert (2002). Principles of Development. II Edition, Oxford University Press CBCS

Session Plan

Session 1

1.1 - Historical perspective and basic concepts: Phases of development

Online source : History and basic concepts of Developmental biology

Session 2

1.2 - Cell-Cell interaction, Pattern development

Online source : Mechanisms of pattern formation in development and evolution

YouTube  Source :Cellular specialization (differentiation)

Session 3

1.3 - Differentiation and growth, Differential gene expression (2h)

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 4

1.4 - Cytoplasmic determinants and asymmetric cell division. (2h)

Online Source :Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo

Youtube Source:Differentiation and gene expression

Session 5

Assignment - 1

From the topic- Differential gene expression and pattern formation

Online source: Differential gene expression

Youtube Source:Differentiation and gene expression

Session 6

Practice : 1

Study of whole mounts and sections of developmental stages of frog through permanent slides : Clevage stages

Qnline source : Frog Development

You tube link : Developmental stages of frog

Session 7

2.1 - Early Embryonic Development (2h)

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 8

2.2 - Gametogenesis

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 9

2.3 - Spermatogenesis

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 10

2.4 - Oogenesis

Online Source

You tube link :Oogenesis - embryonic development

Session 11

2.5 -  Types of eggs Egg Membranes (Assignment-2/Flipped class)-1h

Different types of eggs with examples

Youtube Source

Session 12

Practice-2 (2h)

Study of whole mount of sections of developmental stages of frog through permanent slides neurula, tail-bud stage,tadpole (external and internal gill stages) .

Online source :Study of prepared slides developmental stages of frog

  1. You tube link : The Process of Gastrulation

Session 13

3.1 - Fertilization (External and Internal) :(Assignment-3/Flipped class-2)

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 14

3.2 - Changes in gametes, Blocks to polyspermy

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 15

3.3 - Planes and patterns of cleavage (2h)

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 16

3.4 - Types of Blastula

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 17

Assignment -4 - Planes and patterns of clevage

Online Source : clevage

Youtube Source : slide share on clevage

Session 18

Practice-3 (2h)

Study of T.S of Testis , Semen sample , Graffian follicle( Mature follicle about to release an ovum) and corpus luteum through permanent slides.

Online source- 1 :Describe the T.S. of Human Testis

Online source- 2 : Ovary and Follicle Development

You tube link-1 : Male Reproductive Histology- Testis

You tube link-2 : Follicle development and ovulation

Session 19

4.1 - Fate maps (including Techniques)

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 20

4.2 - Early development of frog up to gastrulation (2h)

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 21

4.3 - Early development of chick up to gastrulation (2h)

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 22

4.4 - Embryonic induction and Organisers (2h)

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 23

Assignment -5 - Gastrulation of chick and frog embryo

Online Source : Gastrulation

You tube source 1: Gastrulation of chick embryo

You tube source 2: Gastrulation of frog embryo

Session 24

Practice- 4 (2h)

Study of whole mounts of developmental stages of chick through permanent slides: Primitive streak (13 and 18 hours).

Online source : Developmental Stages of Chick Embryo | Zoology

You tube link : Embryonic development in chick egg

Session 25

Practice- 5 (2h)

Study of Whole mounts of chick embryo 21, 24, 28, 33, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours of incubation.

Online source : Developmental Stages of Chick Embryo | Zoology

You tube link : Embryonic development in chick egg

Session 26

5.1 - Late Embryonic Development: Fate of Germ Layers

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 27

5.2 - Extra-embryonic membranes in birds

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 28

5.3 - Implantation of embryo in humans

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 29

5.4 - Placenta (Structure, types and functions of placenta)-(Assignment-6/Flipped class-3) -1h

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 30

5.5 - Post Embryonic Development. Metamorphosis: Changes, hormonal regulations in amphibians and insects;

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 31

5.6 - Post Embryonic Development. Metamorphosis: Changes, hormonal regulations in  insects : (Assignment-7/Flipped class-4)- 1h

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 32

Practice- 6(2h)

Study of the developmental stages and life cycle of Drosophila from stock culture.

Online source: Developmental stages and life cycle of Drosophila

You tube link: DrosophilaStudy the developmental stages and the life cycle from fruit fly stock culture 

Session 33

6.1 - Regeneration: Modes of regeneration

Online Source

Youtube Source 1

Youtube Source 2

Session 34

6.2 - epimorphosis, morphallaxis  (with one example each)

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 35

6.3 - Compensatory regeneration (with one example each)-(Assignment-8/Flipped class-5)-1 h

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 36

Assignment - 9 : Modes of regeneration

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 37

Practice-7 (2h)

Study of different sections of placenta (photomicropgraph/ slides)

Online source : PLACENTA 

Session 38

7.1 - Ageing: Concepts and Theories

Online Source

Youtube Source

Session 39

7.2 - Implications of Developmental Biology Teratogenesis:

Online Source 1

Online Source 2

Session 40

7.3 - Teratogenic agents and their effects on embryonic, development;

Online Source

Session 41

7.4 - In vitro fertilization

Online source :In vitro fertilization

Youtube Source

Session 42

7.5 - Concept of Stem cell

Online source : Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Revisiting History, Concepts, and Assays

You tube link :concept of stem cell

Session 44

Assignment- 11

Teratogens and stem cells

Online source - Teratogens and their effects

Online source - Stem cells

Session 45

Practice- 8 (2h)

Project report on Drosophila culture / Chick embryo development

Online source - Drosophila culture

Online source - Chick embryo development

Case Studies

Case Studies