Course Objectives

• The overall aims are that the student should obtain advanced knowledge of the most common hematologic diseases & understanding the concept of Blood cells and other blood components.
• Demonstrate an understanding of the components of human blood and characteristics, functions, and abnormalities and disease states of each.
• Demonstrate proficiency in the skills necessary to perform blood cell counts, and evaluation of blood elements within stated limits of accuracy.
• Determine suitability of hematology specimens and dispose of them in the appropriate bio-hazard containers.

Learning Outcomes

• The students be made aware of Safety precautions, Quality assurance, biomedical waste management and automation in haematology. It will also cover Red cell abnormalities, Disorder of leukocytes, Investigations of a case suffering from bleeding disorders, To learn about tests carried out for hematological investigations.
• Understanding of Haemopoietic disorders, laboratory diagnosis of leukemia, hemolytic anemia.
• Collection & preservation of blood for the investigations.

Course Syllabus

Module-1 ( 12 Hrs)

Laboratory diagnosis of leukaemias Definition and laboratory diagnosis of Leukamoid reactions .Cytochemical staining, procedure and their significance in various haemopoietic disorders. Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia, Laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia ,Laboratory diagnosis of haemolytic anemia.

Practice: Collection of blood from different body parts. Data and record Maintain, Handling hematological equipments, Demonstrate the different abnormal morphology of RBCs in Anemia cases.

Module-2 ( 8 Hrs)

Chromosomal studies in various hematological disorders and their significance. Mechanism of normal fibrinolysis and Laboratory diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis. Mechanism and laboratory diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Practice: Laboratory diagnosis of Hyperfibrinolysis (D- dimer Method), laboratory diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Module-3( 14 Hrs)

Laboratory diagnosis of Hemophilia and von-will brand disease. Laboratory diagnosis of Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Platelet function tests and their interpretation.

Practice: Complete Blood Count, Total Platelet Count, Bleeding time, Clotting time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) Test, Prothrombin Time (PT)

Module-4 ( 12 Hrs)

Measurement of:

1. Blood volume, b. Determination of Red cell volume and Plasma volume, c. Red cell life span,
2. Platelet life span. Estimate serum iron, total iron, Hb-F, Plasma and urine hemoglobin. Demonsrtrate the presence of Hb-S by Sickling and solubility, Perform various Platelet functiontest.

Practice: Demonstration the sickle cells ,To estimate serum iron and total iron binding capacity. To estimate Hb-F in a given blood sample. To estimate plasma and urine. Haemoglobin in the given specimens. To demonstrate the presence of Hb-S by Sickling and solubility tests.

Suggested Readings:

1. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology P.B Gotkar Mumbai, Bhalani Publishing House
2. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology by Paraful B. Godkar, Publisher Bhalani
3. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology (2nd edition) by V.H Talib, Publisher CBS
4. Atlas of hematology (5th edition) by G.A. McDonald, Publisher Churchill Livingstone
5. Medical Laboratory Technology By K.L Mukharjee, Publisher McGraw Hill education pvtlimited
6. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology (6th edition) by Ramnik Sood,Jaypee Publication.
7. Ebook link-https://www.pdfdrive.com/hematology-basic-principles-and-practice-e176384006.html
8. Ebook link-https://www.pdfdrive.com/hematology-basic-principles-and-practice-expert-consult-online-and-print-expert-consult-title-online-print-5th-edition-e186195241.html
9. Ebook link-https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6sfacydDNsUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hematology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja9-ve3I7qAhUwzTgGHSMUDekQ6wEwAHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=hematology&f=false
10. Ebook link-https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QQcYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=hematology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja9-ve3I7qAhUwzTgGHSMUDekQ6wEwAnoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=hematology&f=false

Simulation links for labs: 

All the practice components can be performed by simulation as well as virtual labs. Amrita Vlab (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1ouqR_dIY_WPDPSZo0e8Wg), labsforlife (http://labsforlife.in/)

Online Source: Udemy, Coursera, article library, NCBI,Study.com, You tube, Slide share, Frontier, Febs, unacademy, academia,

Session Plan

Session 1

Topic: laboratory diagnosis of leukaemias

https://www.coursera.org/lecture/oralcavity/leukemia-dr-david-porter-x8Wif

https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/understanding-leukemia-treatment#1

https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/leukemia

https://www.slideshare.net/vijaypj17/leukemia-24590031

Session 2

Topic: Definition and laboratory diagnosis of Leukamoid reactions

Study Materials: 

Notes- https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Leukemoid_reaction

https://www.labpedia.net/leukemoid-reaction-and-diagnosis-d-d-from-chronic-myelocytic-leukemia/

Session 3

Topic: Cytochemical staining

Study Materials:

Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/BALRAMKRISHAN1/cytochemical-staining-checked

Session 4

Topic: Procedure and their significance in various haemopoietic disorders

Study Materials: 

Notes-https://theoncologyinstitute.com/hematologic-disorders/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conditions_treated_with_hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation

https://illinoiscancercare.com/blood-disorders/blood-disorder-types/

https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/blood-disorder-types-and-treatment#1

Session 5

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia

Study Materials: 

Notes-https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/iron-deficiency-anemia

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355040

https://www.studocu.com/row/document/egerton-university/clinical-medicine/anaemia-lecture-notes-12/6455312

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/iron-tests

https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-iron-deficiency-anemia/how-iron-deficiency-anemia-diagnosed

https://www.slideshare.net/TauhidBhuiyan1/iron-deficiency-anemia-ida-64822404

Session 6

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia

Study Materials: 

Notes-http://www.danafarberbostonchildrens.org/conditions/blood-disorders/pernicious-anemia.aspx

https://arupconsult.com/content/megaloblastic-anemia

https://www.healthline.com/health/megaloblastic-anemia

Session 7

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of haemolytic anemia

Study Materials:

Notes-https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-hemochromatosis/how-hemolytic-anemia-diagnosed

https://www.healthline.com/health/hemolytic-anemia#diagnosis

https://www.labpedia.net/hemolytic-anemia-and-lab-diagnosis/

Session 8

Practice session:

Topic: Collection of Blood from various part of body: Venous & Capillary

Session 9

Practice session:

Topic: Laboratory Data Record Maintainance

Study Materials: 

Procedure- https://www.uno.edu/otmc/laboratory-record-keeping-procedures

Session 10

Practice session:

Topic: Hematological Equipment care and Maintainance

Study Materials: https://www.mynewlab.com/blog/laboratory-equipment-maintenance-101/

Session 11

Practice session:

Topic: Microscopy & Demonstrate the different abnormal morphology of blood cell during Anemia 

Video-https://spark.adobe.com/video/99pckVZiHIhJC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3k3GZ1F_rg&t=78s

Notes- https://theartofmed.wordpress.com/2015/09/05/morphological-abnormalities-of-red-blood-cells/

Session 12

Topic: Hematological disorder

Study Materials:

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/hematologic-diseases

https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2390&sectionid=189082794

https://www.nhoh.com/types-blood-diseases

Session 13

Topic: Chromosomal studies

Study Materials:

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/chromosome-analysis-karyotyping

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=chromosome_analysis

Session 14

Topic: Chromosomal studies in various hematological disorders and their significance

Study Materials:

Notes- https://hematology.testcatalog.org/show/CHRHB

Session 15

Topic: fibrinolysis

Study Materials:

Notes- https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Fibrinolysis.aspx

Articles- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314363/

Wiki- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolysis

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis

Slide share- https://slideplayer.com/slide/8746371/

Notes- https://diapharma.com/fibrinolysis/

Session 16

Practice session:

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis

Study Materials:

Slide share- https://slideplayer.com/slide/8746371/

Video for Fibribrinolysis diagnosis(D- dimer Method)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DCZoI2LMNQ&feature=youtu.be

Video for D- dimer rapid card test (Qualitative)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIQ816k5c80

Video about Fibrinogen and D-dimer lession-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q548IZGbt28

Session 17

Topic: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Study Materials:

Notes- https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/bleeding-due-to-clotting-disorders/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic

Session 18

Topic: Mechanism and laboratory diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Study Materials:

Article-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267589/

Notes- https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/coagulation-disorders/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic#:~:text=In%20disseminated%20intravascular%20coagulation%20(DIC,occlusion%2C%20leading%20to%20organ%20failure.

Session 19

Practice session:

Topic: laboratory diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Study Materials:

Description- https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic#:~:text=A%20test%20scoring%20system%20developed,fibrin%20degradation%20products)%20and%20fibrinogen.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijlh.12221

Session 20

Topic: Hemophilia

Study Materials:

Notes- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemophilia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373327

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154880

https://www.healthline.com/health/hemophilia

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14083-hemophilia

Session 21

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of Hemophilia

Study Materials:

Notes- https://hemophilianewstoday.com/hemophilia-testing-and-screening/

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/diagnosis.html#:~:text=Diagnosis%20includes%20screening%20tests%20and,of%20hemophilia%20and%20the%20severity.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemophilia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373333

Session 22

Topic: Von-will brand disease

Study Materials: 

Notes- https://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/Types-of-Bleeding-Disorders/Von-Willebrand-Disease

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/von-willebrand-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354978

https://www.healthline.com/health/von-willebrand-disease

Session 23

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of Von-Will brand disease

Study Materials:

Notes- https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/vwd/diagnosis.html

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/von-willebrand-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354984

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17709-von-willebrand-disease/diagnosis-and-tests

Session 24

Topic: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Study Materials:

Notes- https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

https://www.healthline.com/health/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura-itp#:~:text=Idiopathic%20thrombocytopenic%20purpura%20is%20an,the%20blood%20results%20in%20ITP.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/symptoms-causes/syc-20352325

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura

Session 25

Topic: Laboratory diagnosis of Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Study Materials:

Notes- https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/immune-thrombocytopenic-purpura/itp-diagnosis.html

https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/immune-thrombocytopenic-purpura/itp-diagnosis.html#:~:text=Complete%20blood%20count%20(CBC)%3A,anti%2Dplatelet%20antibody%20test.%22

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352330

Session 26

Topic: Platelet function tests and their interpretation

Study Materials:

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/platelet-function-tests

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/platelet-function-testing

Session 27

Practice session:

Topic: Prothrombin Time & Active Partial Prothrombin time

Study Materials:

Notes- https://labtestsonline.org/tests/partial-thromboplastin-time-ptt-aptt#:~:text=The%20PTT%20assesses%20the%20amount,to%20appropriately%20form%20blood%20clots.

https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/partial-thromboplastin-time-test#1

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/partial-thromboplastin-time-ptt-test/

https://www.healthline.com/health/partial-thromboplastin-time-ptt

https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/bloodlab/PT_PTT.htm

Video about PT and APTT lession- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q548IZGbt28

Session 28

Practice session:

Topic: Bleeding time

Study Materials:

Notes- https://www.healthline.com/health/bleeding-time

Video-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMVy6pCWhRk

Session 29

Practice session:

Topic: Clotting time

Study Materials:

Video-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG3_u9oCl7Q&t=12s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tigl3RLx2Nk

Notes- https://www.labpedia.net/clotting-time-c-t/

Session 30

Practice session:

Topic: Complete Blood Cell Count

Study Materials:

Video-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7PJrUFciec&t=25s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kqpOz5VfU0&t=173s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2RxJVIc0EI

Session 31

Topic: Blood volume

Study Materials:

http://tech.snmjournals.org/content/35/2/55.full

Session 32

Topic: Determination of Red cell volume and Plasma volume

Study Materials: 

Notes- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526077/

Session 33

Topic: Red cell life span

Study Materials: 

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cATQFej6oAc

Session 34

Topic: Platelet life span

Study Materials: 

Review-https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.me.20.020169.000403

Session 35

Topic: Estimate serum iron

Study Materials:

Articles- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC480059/#:~:text=A%20simple%2C%20rapid%2C%20and%20sensitive,whether%20previously%20frozen%20or%20not.

Notes- https://www.healthline.com/health/serum-iron

Session 36

Topic: Hb-F

Study Materials: 

Notes-https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=hemoglobin_fetal

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=hemoglobin_fetal#:~:text=What%20is%20this%20test%3F,about%20six%20months%20after%20birth.

http://www.healthofchildren.com/E-F/Fetal-Hemoglobin-Test.html

Session 37

Topic: Plasma or Serum hemoglobin and urine hemoglobin

Study Materials: 

Notes-https://www.scribd.com/presentation/141820135/Plasma-Hemoglobin-and-Urine-hemoglobin-estimation

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blood-in-urine/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353436#:~:text=Even%20if%20your%20bleeding%20was,Imaging%20tests.

https://www.healthline.com/health/serum-hemoglobin#hemolytic-anemia

Session 38

Topic: Demonsrtrate the presence of Hb-S by Sickling and solubility

Study Materials: 

Notes-https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=hemoglobin_s

Session 39

Topic: Perform various Platelet function test 

Study Materials:

Notes-https://labtestsonline.org/tests/platelet-function-tests

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340464/#:~:text=Laboratory%20tests%20of%20platelet%20function,managing%20patients%20with%20platelet%20and

Session 40

Topic: Platelet life span

Study Materials:

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.me.20.020169.000403

Session 41

Practice session:

Study Materials:

Topic: Estimation of Hb-F

Session 42

Practice session:

Study Materials:

Topic: Estimation Hemoglobin in Urine and Plasma

Session 43

Practice session:

Topic: Demonstration the sickle cells 

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mky_YWAp4UA

Session 44

Practice session:

Topic: Solubility Test 

Study Materials:

Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mky_YWAp4UA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxEOnccPHZ0

Case Studies

Case Studies