Basic Radiation physics

Teacher

Sashisaroj T Tiwari

Category

Core Courses

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Subject Code: BSRT1104

Subject Type: 3+1+0

Credit: 4

 

Course Objectives

  • To understand the importance of the X – rays in medical field
  • To study the applications of radiotherapy sources.
  • To develop an understanding of radiation measurements.
  • To understand how to follow radiation protection rules
  • To study the physical properties and applications of x- ray machine techniques

Learning Outcomes

  • Know what it takes to have a career in physics in x-ray techniques
  • Understand the need to increase Physics in radiology
  • Know the radiation protection rules and measurements
  • Know the application of physical parts in x-ray machines

Unit-1

Modern Atomic Physics : Constituents of matters & atomic structure, orbits and orbital, binding energy and mass defect, isotopes, isotones and isobars, electromagnetic and particle radiations Radioactivity: Radioactivity decay, half-life & mean-life, decay series, modes of decay: alpha, beta and gamma radiation, electron capture, internal conversion, isomeric transition, production of radioisotopes.

Production of X-Rays : Discovery and origin of X-rays, Production of X-rays, Nature and properties of X-rays, Energy spectrum, characteristic radiations, Absorption, scattering and quality of X-rays, HVT and TVT, Angular distribution.

 

 

Unit 2

X-ray tube and Generators : Features of X-ray tube, anode, cathode and filament, characteristics of target materials, cooling system, insulation and tube housing, filters, rating of tubes, faults of X-ray tubes; Gas tube, Hot cathode tube, fixed anode and rotating anode tube, line-focus tube, dual focus tube, Mammography X-ray tube; X-ray generators, power supply : transformers, Half-wave and full- wave rectifications, timer.

Physical Principles of X-ray Diagnosis: Radiological images: Photon fluence, Unsharpness, resolution, Contrast, scattered radiation, grids, Radiographic film processing : Film, Density of films, Characteristic curves, gamma factor, film processing, Intensifying screens, speed, fluoroscopy.

 

Unit-3

Heat Definition of heat, temperature, Heat capacity, specific heat capacity, Heat transferconduction, convection, radiation, thermal conductivity, equation for thermal conductivity (k), the value of k of various material of interest in radiology, thermal expansion, Newton’s law of cooling, Heat radiation, perfect black body, Stefan law, application in Diagnostic Radiology (Heat dissipation in both stationary and rotating X-ray tubes).

Suggested Reading

  1. Textbook of Radiological Safety by Thalayan, Publisher Jaypee brothers
  2. Advance Medical Physic by Rehani, Publisher Jaypee brothers
  3. Basic of Radiological Physics by Thalayan,Publisher Jaypee brothers

 

Session Plan

Session 1

Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration, III waveform

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/02841866609133133

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQ2IbjOmir8

 

Session 2

Target material on X-ray production

https://www.slideshare.net/HanumanDoke/x-ray-production-and-properties?qid=c1db2edb-4ae8-4b1f-8c03-bca31de7414c&v=&b=&from_search=2

Animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsaTx5-KLT8

Session 3

Laws of radioactivity

https://www.slideshare.net/parchart/radioactivity-37937551?qid=a0e5871e-c4d4-4ad5-bd8b-527ef808736c&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQnnPPrcmsQ

Session 4

Different schemes of alpha, Beta and gamma ray decay

https://www.slideshare.net/parchart/radioactivity-37937551?qid=a0e5871e-c4d4-4ad5-bd8b-527ef808736c&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6NOTo3YAts

Session 5

Megnetron and position emitters as used in medicine especially in radiotherapy

https://www.slideshare.net/ajainduavinash/the-main-methods-of-radiotherapy?qid=0d9bd77f-3473-49ae-b241-88134e23e873&v=&b=&from_search=18

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEoQTBemyDY

Session 6

Explain the Artificial radionuclides

https://www.slideshare.net/AhmadHassan72/production-of-radio-nuclides-production-of-shortlived-radionuclide?qid=465e6ac8-7756-47e3-b767-3366527fd9db&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY10s71rv80

Session 7

Artificial radionuclide generators employed in medicine in general.

https://www.slideshare.net/VictorEkpo2/everything-radionuclides-nuclear-medicine?qid=be23152d-2293-4cb4-a658-9ff078bb43da&v=&b=&from_search=21

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLNazQthGkc

Session 8

Discussing about radiotherapy sources in particulars.

https://www.slideshare.net/InochiAshFull/introduction-of-radiotherapy?qid=80b1da78-b964-4e14-9ea7-c2649bfe634f&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=320ALJDfx0E

Session 9

Explaining Physical requirements of beam defining devices i.e cones, diaphram and collimator

https://www.slideshare.net/Prashantthakur13/electron-beam-machining?qid=251c127a-e2a0-4860-b334-e837f01b859c&v=&b=&from_search=54

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGnFJ9XgDcY

Session 10

Units of radiation measurement

https://www.slideshare.net/FabinRomeroVelazquez/radiation-measurement-units?qid=b6b11bf2-59af-4d6e-a3d2-e8a0d7f69c59&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpQzhZ0RRDM

Session 11

Measurements of specification of quality and half-wave thickness

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHJNSenIjF4

Session 12

Discussed about the filters and filtration

https://www.slideshare.net/SaruGosain/x-ray-filters?qid=707e67dc-4d76-46ba-98d1-72a8a309a9d6&v=&b=&from_search=2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rahsQVXzp84

Session 13

Measurement of radiation and dosimetric procedures

https://www.slideshare.net/vinayDesai12/basic-dosimetric-principle-and-dosimeters?qid=abe3aabb-7b52-4225-90f4-ebd93d5f00ee&v=&b=&from_search=5

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfWQkXvoCtI

Session 14

Demonstrate the principles and working of radiation detectors.

https://www.slideshare.net/GirishpalvaiKumar/radiation-detectors?qid=5ba7c76d-702b-45d6-b721-fb987695cb6f&v=&b=&from_search=3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8EEH5Fyc8k

Session 15

Explain the Bragg peak, percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor,tissue air – ratio, tissue maximum ratio and scatter air ratio.

https://www.slideshare.net/cpaswathi/particle-beam-protonneutron-heavy-ion-therapy?qid=5a76668f-61bb-42b4-adac-720c6b3102c4&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxwIlnZLO8U

Session 16

Draw the isodose curves

https://www.slideshare.net/abishadh/isodose-curves?qid=f7346d08-ca38-498b-9b9e-8f4255e9696b&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmpZ_mWfLrY

Session 17

Demonstrate the radiation penumbra of different beams

https://www.slideshare.net/DilshadKP/intensity-modulated-radiation-therapy-imrt?qid=914c06ae-73d4-49d7-95ee-51a27a711ce7&v=&b=&from_search=5

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGMkJMQhsa8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8Or-UZgNUw

Session 18

Demonstrate the Wedge filters and wedge angle and hinge angle

https://www.slideshare.net/SaruGosain/x-ray-filters?qid=f9d43304-8931-4b06-962d-c505ea370c7d&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr5JRP4yXaA

Session 19

Explaining the working of Compensator beams flattering filters and scattering foils  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxKAMqv7QXM

Session 20

Explain the physical properties of phantom materials

https://www.slideshare.net/drvikrampatil/approach-to-chest-xray-and-interpretation?qid=d44d638c-74e0-4d49-b904-e3af488417e1&v=&b=&from_search=31

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7KLsPtrZvU

Session 21

Explain bolus and substitutes, the factors used for treatment dose calculations

https://www.slideshare.net/KiranRamakrishna/treatment-plannings-i-kiran?qid=bdb4d5c1-7fb6-45c5-add7-b951893ac691&v=&b=&from_search=44

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTaSfpBJgCE

Session 22

Demonstrate the daily treatment time and monitor units calculation method aspects of electron and neutron therapy.

https://www.slideshare.net/ajjitchandran/electron-beam-therapy?qid=3875d453-5699-45a7-8991-eb74d2e2fe1d&v=&b=&from_search=4

https://www.slideshare.net/BHOLURAMSWAMI/difference-bw-electron-neutron-and?qid=3875d453-5699-45a7-8991-eb74d2e2fe1d&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G6rNUsvPK8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQrbfBiQpfk

Session 23

Demonstrate the radiation hazards.

https://www.slideshare.net/AlternateSystems/xray-safety-8830694?qid=9441eda8-dc74-46e6-9162-ad0d61f72b00&v=&b=&from_search=2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfWQkXvoCtI&t=262s

Session 24

Explaining the annual limit of intake (ALI) permissible dose levels on and around sealed source housing  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjy_hVpWgWs

Session 25

Explain the installation principles of radiation protection.

https://www.slideshare.net/AabidRahiman/aerb-guidelines-for-x-ray-and-ct-installation?qid=bda82dff-2088-4265-a090-18f412d703c3&v=&b=&from_search=6

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJsZ2_JRKD0

Session 26

Explain MPD(maximum permissible dose), Different ICRP rules

https://www.slideshare.net/santam/radiation-protection?qid=33922523-5154-48fa-9571-6508b0f1aeaa&v=&b=&from_search=20

Session 27

Explain Stochastic and nonstochatic effects

https://www.slideshare.net/hmdali/x-ray-films?qid=9620bbf8-b4d9-48fd-a9af-a6fc91a2a78a&v=&b=&from_search=14

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7qpRmk7GaU

Session 28

Demonstrate the  Importance of ALRA principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_9VkpPKVgI

Session 29

Explain physical principles of design and planning of installation safe work practice in teletherapy

https://www.slideshare.net/drarnabradiotherapy/isotopic-teletherapy-machines?qid=09313d62-bbcc-4e99-b8e0-cbb04f4dad3a&v=&b=&from_search=50

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_7kDIl-YzI

Session 30

Explain physical principles of design and planning of installation safe work practice in brachytherapy

https://www.slideshare.net/YaminiBaviskar1/interstitial-bt-principles?qid=57a8e5e1-14c9-4787-a1d2-456eadfcc765&v=&b=&from_search=3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfuFgyULt7w

Session 31

Explaining the shielding materials and radiation survey.

https://www.slideshare.net/PratikshaBM/radiation-shielding-materials-market-growth-and-forecast-2027?qid=fc241969-3492-4e71-a02a-2c6202794865&v=&b=&from_search=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDDYGTdf3N4

Session 32

Explain the film badges

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGymsO6Assc

Session 33

Explain TLD badges and comparison

https://www.slideshare.net/hmdali/x-ray-films?qid=dd7d9ed6-abd5-4899-939f-2ba5a9d1f73a&v=&b=&from_search=3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT4zdfhpfrE

Our Main Teachers

Sashisaroj T Tiwari

Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology,  SoPAHS
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