Subject Code: BSRT1104
Subject Type: 3+1+0
Credit: 4
Course Objectives
- To understand the importance of the X – rays in medical field
- To study the applications of radiotherapy sources.
- To develop an understanding of radiation measurements.
- To understand how to follow radiation protection rules
- To study the physical properties and applications of x- ray machine techniques
Learning Outcomes
- Know what it takes to have a career in physics in x-ray techniques
- Understand the need to increase Physics in radiology
- Know the radiation protection rules and measurements
- Know the application of physical parts in x-ray machines
Unit-1
Modern Atomic Physics : Constituents of matters & atomic structure, orbits and orbital, binding energy and mass defect, isotopes, isotones and isobars, electromagnetic and particle radiations Radioactivity: Radioactivity decay, half-life & mean-life, decay series, modes of decay: alpha, beta and gamma radiation, electron capture, internal conversion, isomeric transition, production of radioisotopes.
Production of X-Rays : Discovery and origin of X-rays, Production of X-rays, Nature and properties of X-rays, Energy spectrum, characteristic radiations, Absorption, scattering and quality of X-rays, HVT and TVT, Angular distribution.
Unit 2
X-ray tube and Generators : Features of X-ray tube, anode, cathode and filament, characteristics of target materials, cooling system, insulation and tube housing, filters, rating of tubes, faults of X-ray tubes; Gas tube, Hot cathode tube, fixed anode and rotating anode tube, line-focus tube, dual focus tube, Mammography X-ray tube; X-ray generators, power supply : transformers, Half-wave and full- wave rectifications, timer.
Physical Principles of X-ray Diagnosis: Radiological images: Photon fluence, Unsharpness, resolution, Contrast, scattered radiation, grids, Radiographic film processing : Film, Density of films, Characteristic curves, gamma factor, film processing, Intensifying screens, speed, fluoroscopy.
Unit-3
Heat Definition of heat, temperature, Heat capacity, specific heat capacity, Heat transferconduction, convection, radiation, thermal conductivity, equation for thermal conductivity (k), the value of k of various material of interest in radiology, thermal expansion, Newton’s law of cooling, Heat radiation, perfect black body, Stefan law, application in Diagnostic Radiology (Heat dissipation in both stationary and rotating X-ray tubes).
Suggested Reading
- Textbook of Radiological Safety by Thalayan, Publisher Jaypee brothers
- Advance Medical Physic by Rehani, Publisher Jaypee brothers
- Basic of Radiological Physics by Thalayan,Publisher Jaypee brothers
Session Plan
Session 1
Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration, III waveform
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/02841866609133133
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQ2IbjOmir8
Session 2
Target material on X-ray production
Animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsaTx5-KLT8
Session 3
Laws of radioactivity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQnnPPrcmsQ
Session 4
Different schemes of alpha, Beta and gamma ray decay
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6NOTo3YAts
Session 5
Megnetron and position emitters as used in medicine especially in radiotherapy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEoQTBemyDY
Session 6
Explain the Artificial radionuclides
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY10s71rv80
Session 7
Artificial radionuclide generators employed in medicine in general.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLNazQthGkc
Session 8
Discussing about radiotherapy sources in particulars.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=320ALJDfx0E
Session 9
Explaining Physical requirements of beam defining devices i.e cones, diaphram and collimator
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGnFJ9XgDcY
Session 10
Units of radiation measurement
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpQzhZ0RRDM
Session 11
Measurements of specification of quality and half-wave thickness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHJNSenIjF4
Session 12
Discussed about the filters and filtration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rahsQVXzp84
Session 13
Measurement of radiation and dosimetric procedures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfWQkXvoCtI
Session 14
Demonstrate the principles and working of radiation detectors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8EEH5Fyc8k
Session 15
Explain the Bragg peak, percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor,tissue air – ratio, tissue maximum ratio and scatter air ratio.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxwIlnZLO8U
Session 16
Draw the isodose curves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmpZ_mWfLrY
Session 17
Demonstrate the radiation penumbra of different beams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGMkJMQhsa8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8Or-UZgNUw
Session 18
Demonstrate the Wedge filters and wedge angle and hinge angle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr5JRP4yXaA
Session 19
Explaining the working of Compensator beams flattering filters and scattering foils
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxKAMqv7QXM
Session 20
Explain the physical properties of phantom materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7KLsPtrZvU
Session 21
Explain bolus and substitutes, the factors used for treatment dose calculations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTaSfpBJgCE
Session 22
Demonstrate the daily treatment time and monitor units calculation method aspects of electron and neutron therapy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G6rNUsvPK8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQrbfBiQpfk
Session 23
Demonstrate the radiation hazards.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfWQkXvoCtI&t=262s
Session 24
Explaining the annual limit of intake (ALI) permissible dose levels on and around sealed source housing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjy_hVpWgWs
Session 25
Explain the installation principles of radiation protection.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJsZ2_JRKD0
Session 26
Explain MPD(maximum permissible dose), Different ICRP rules
Session 27
Explain Stochastic and nonstochatic effects
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7qpRmk7GaU
Session 28
Demonstrate the Importance of ALRA principle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_9VkpPKVgI
Session 29
Explain physical principles of design and planning of installation safe work practice in teletherapy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_7kDIl-YzI
Session 30
Explain physical principles of design and planning of installation safe work practice in brachytherapy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfuFgyULt7w
Session 31
Explaining the shielding materials and radiation survey.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDDYGTdf3N4
Session 32
Explain the film badges
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGymsO6Assc
Session 33
Explain TLD badges and comparison