Elements of Modern Physics

Teacher

Dr. Satyanarayan Dhal

Category

Core Courses

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Course Name : Elements of Modern Physics

Code(Credit) : CUTM1491(3-2-1)

Course Objectives

  • This course covers certain conceptual courses of physics by virtue of which the students will be able to understand some concepts of Quantum Mechanics, Atomic Physics and Nuclear Physics.
  • It also imparts the basic principles of Quantum mechanics, Schrodinger equation and its applications
  • To introduce students to the fundamentals of atomic physics and nuclear physics.
  • To introduce them to the basic Laser principles and Properties.

Learning Outcomes

COs Course outcomes Mapping COs with POs (High-3, Medium-2, Low-1)
CO1 Understand and explain the differences between classical and quantum mechanics.

Solve Schrodinger equation for simple potentials.

PO1-3, PO2-3, PO5-3
CO2 Identify properties of the nucleus and other sub-atomic particles. Describe theories explaining the structure of atoms and the origin of the observed spectra. PO1-2, PO2-1, PO9-1
CO4 Explain different Laser used and make a comparison between them. PO1-3, PO9-1

Course Syllabus

Module-I
Planck’s quantum, Planck’s constant and light as a collection of photons; Blackbody
Radiation: Quantum theory of Light; Photo-electric effect and Compton scattering. De Broglie wavelength and matter waves; Davisson-Germer experiment. Wave description of particles by wave packets. Group and Phase velocities and relation between them. Two-Slit experiment with electrons. Probability. Wave amplitude and wave functions.

Practice 1: Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation and photo-detector

Practice 2: Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light; maximum energy of photo-electrons versus frequency of light

Practice 3 : To determine the wavelength of H-alpha emission line of Hydrogen atom.

Module-II

Position measurement- gamma ray microscope thought experiment; Wave-particle duality, Heisenberg uncertainty principle (Uncertainty relations involving Canonical pair of variables): Derivation from Wave Packets impossibility of a particle following a trajectory; Estimating minimum energy of a confined particle using uncertainty principle; Energy-time uncertainty principle- application to virtual particles and range of an interaction.

Practice 4 : To determine the ionization potential of mercury.

Module-III

Two slit interference experiment with photons, atoms and particles; linear superposition principle as a consequence; Matter waves and wave amplitude; Schrodinger equation for non-relativistic particles; Momentum and Energy operators; stationary states; physical interpretation of a wave function, probabilities and normalization; Probability and probability current densities in one dimension.

Practice 5 : To determine the value of e/m by (a) Magnetic focusing or (b) Bar magnet.
Practice 6 : To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.

Module-IV

One dimensional infinitely rigid box- energy eigenvalues and Eigen functions, normalization; Quantum dot as example; Quantum mechanical scattering and tunnelling in one dimension-across a step potential & rectangular potential barrier.

Module-V
Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of an electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of nuclear force, NZ graph, Liquid Drop model: semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy, Nuclear Shell Model and magic numbers.

Module- VI
Radioactivity: stability of the nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life and half-life; Alpha decay; Beta decay- energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of neutrino; Gamma ray emission, energy-momentum conservation: electron-positron pair creation by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus.
Fission and fusion- mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of fragments and emission of neutrons.

Module-VII
Lasers: Einstein’s A and B coefficients. Metastable states. Spontaneous and Stimulatedemissions. Optical Pumping and Population Inversion. Three-Level and Four-Level Lasers. Ruby Laser and He-Ne Laser. Basic lasing.

Practice 7 : To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of single slit.
Practice 8 : To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of double slits.
Practice 9 : To determine (1) wavelength and (2) angular spread of He-Ne laser using plane diffraction grating

Practice 10 : To show the tunneling effect in tunnel diode using I-V characteristics.

Assignments : Monte-Carlo Simulation of charged particle induced effects on various materials (SRIM & IRADINA)

Text Books:
1. Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Modern Physics, Rich Meyer, Kennard, Coop, 2002, Tata McGraw Hill
2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffith, 2005, Pearson Education. Physics for scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Jewett and Serway, 2010, Cengage Learning.
3. Modern Physics, G.Kaur and G.R. Pickrell, 2014, McGraw Hill
4. Quantum Mechanics: Theory & Applications, A.K.Ghatak&S.Lokanathan, 2004, Macmillan
5. Modern Physics, J.R. Taylor, C.D. Zafiratos, M.A. Dubson, 2004, PHI Learning.
6. Theory and Problems of Modern Physics, Schaum`s outline, R. Gautreau and W. Savin, 2ndEdn, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
7. Quantum Physics, Berkeley Physics, Vol.4. E.H.Wichman, 1971, Tata McGraw-Hill Co.

Text Books (Practice)
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing House
Reference Books:
1. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
2. A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash& Ramakrishna, 11thEdn, 2011,Kitab Mahal

3.  Professor Dave Explains : What is Modern Physics

Reference Books (Assignments on Monte-Carlo Simulation) : SRIM, The stopping and range of ions in matter, James F. Ziegler, Jochen P. Biersack, Matthias D. Ziegler

Session Plan

Session 1

Session 3

Practice 1 (2 hours):

Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation and photo-detector

Virtual Lab Link

Youtube Link

Session 5

Compton scattering (Assignment /Flipped Class-1) :

What is Compton Scattering?

Compton Scattering (Radiography Physics)

PPT_Slideshare

Session 6

Practice 2 (2 hours)

Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light; maximum energy of photo-electrons versus frequency of light.

- Virtual Lab

Session 8

Davisson-Germer experiment (Assignment /Flipped Class 2):

Davisson Germer Experiment

Davisson and germer experiment and proof of matter waves

Simulation

Session 9

Wave description of particles by wave packets :

Motion of a wave-packet_3D Animation

Matter as a Wave

Session 10

Practice 3 (2 hours)

To determine the wavelength of H-alpha emission line of Hydrogen atom.

Virtual Lab

Session 11

Group and Phase velocities and relation between them :

Dispersive waves

Phase velocity vs Group velocity: Wave dispersion

PPT

Session 12

Practice 4 (2 hours)

To determine the ionization potential of mercury.

Virtual Lab

Session 15

Practice 5 (2 hours):

To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.

Virtual Lab

Session 16

Position measurement- gamma ray microscope thought experiment (Assignment  /Flipped Class - 4)

Heisenberg's Microscope - Sixty Symbols

Heisenberg's Microscope

Heisenberg's Microscope

Session 17

Practice 6 (2 hours) :

To determine the value of e/m by (a) Magnetic focusing or (b) Bar magnet

Youtube Link

Session 18

Wave-particle duality, Heisenberg uncertainty principle (Uncertainty relations involving Canonical pair of variables):

The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle

Prof Dave : The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Part 1: Position/Momentum and Schrodinger's Cat

Uncertainty Principle Experimentally Observed

PPT

Session 19

Energy-time uncertainty principle- application to virtual particles and range of an interaction :

What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Part 2: Energy/Time and Quantum Fluctuation

PPT

Session 20

Derivation from Wave Packets impossibility of a particle following a trajectory; Estimating minimum energy of a confined particle using uncertainty principle :

Where does the Uncertainty Principle come from?

Derivation

Derivation

Session 21

Two slit interference experiment with photons, atoms and particles; linear superposition principle as a consequence; Matter waves and wave amplitude;

quantum superposition of states and decoherence

Double slit experiments

PPT

Session 22

Schrodinger equation for non-relativistic particles;

The Schrödinger Equation

Quantum Mechanics and the Schrodinger Equation

PPT

Session 23

Momentum and Energy operators; stationary states; physical interpretation of a wave function,

Quantum Operators

Wavefunctions, Operators, and Expectation Values

PPT

Session 24

Probabilities and normalization; Probability and probability current densities in one dimension :

Probability - Quantum and Classical

Lecture Note_MITOCW

PPT

Session 25

One dimensional infinitely rigid box- energy eigenvalues and Eigen functions, normalization :

The Particle in a Box

Particle in one dimensional box

Lecture Note_MITOCW

PPT

Session 26

Practice 7 ( 2 hours)

To determine (1) wavelength and (2) angular spread of He-Ne laser using plane diffraction grating

Virtual Lab

Session 27

Quantum dot as example; Quantum mechanical scattering and tunnelling in one dimension-across a step potential & rectangular potential barrier.

What is quantum dot?

Quantum Tunneling

Animation_Quantum tunneling

Session 29

Impossibility of an electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle.

Applying uncertainty principle prove that Electron cannot exist inside the nucleus

Session 30

Nature of nuclear force, NZ graph :

Strong Nuclear Forces

Weak Nuclear Forces

PPT

Session 31

Liquid Drop model: semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy

Liquid Drop Model

Lecture Note

PPT

Session 32

Nuclear Shell Model and magic numbers :

Shell Model

PPT

Session 33

Practice 8 ( 2 hours) :

To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of single slit.

Virtual Lab

Youtube Link

Session 34

Radioactivity: stability of the nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life and half-life;

An Introduction to radiation and radioactivity

Radioactivity: Expect the unexpected - Steve Weatherall

What is Radioactivity ???

PPT

Session 35

Session 36

Beta decay- energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of neutrino;

Beta Decay

What are Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decay?

PPT

Session 38

Energy-momentum conservation: electron-positron pair creation by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus :

What is Annihilation?

Electron Positron Annihilation - Frank Taylor

PPT

Session 39

Fission and fusion- mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of fragments and emission of neutrons :

Nuclear Fission reaction explained

Animation

Nuclear Fusion

How Does Fusion Power the Sun?

Prof Dave explains :Nuclear Reactions, Radioactivity, Fission and Fusion

Splitting the atom

PPT

Session 41

Metastable states. Spontaneous and Stimulated emissions.

Difference between Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission of Radiation

PPT

Session 42

Practice 9 ( 2 hours)

To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of double slits.

Virtual Lab

Youtube Link

Session 43

Optical Pumping and Population Inversion.

Optical Pumping

Optical Pumping

PPT

Session 44

Three-Level and Four-Level Lasers. Ruby Laser (Assignment/ Flipped Class 5)

Ruby Laser

Working Mechanism of Ruby laser

Session 45

He-Ne Laser. Basic lasing (Assignment/ Flipped Class 6)

Construction and Working of Helium – Neon laser

Helium Neon Laser

He Ne Laser PPT

Session 46

Practice 10 ( 2 hours)

To show the tunneling effect in tunnel diode using I-V characteristics.

Youtube

Session 47

Practice 11 (2 hours)

Monte-Carlo Simulation of charged particle induced effects on various materials

Youtube

Session 48

Practice 12 (2 hours)

(Sputtering Calculation) Monte-Carlo Simulation of charged particle induced effects on various materials

Youtube

Session 49

Assignment 7

Kinetic - Monte-Carlo Simulation of charged particle induced effects on various materials

Youtube

Session 50

Assignment 8

Kinetic Monte-Carlo Simulation of charged particle induced effects on various materials

Youtube

Session 51

Assignment 9

Design of structure of Kinetic Monte-Carlo Simulation of charged particle induced effects on various materials (IRADINA)

Web Link

Session 52

Assignment 10

Kinetic MC Simulation on design of structure of charged particle induced effects on various materials (IRADINA)

Web Link

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