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The branch of science concerned with the study of the sea. It is the scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of the world oceans and seas, including their physical and chemical properties, origin and geology, and life forms. Research in oceanography entails sampling of seawater and marine life, remote sensing of Oceanic process with aircraft and satellites, and exploration of the seafloor. Oceanography aids in predicting weather and climate, in the exploitation of the earth’s resources, and in understanding the effects of pollutants.
The branch of science concerned with the study of the sea. It is the scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of the world oceans and seas, including their physical and chemical properties, origin and geology, and life forms. Research in oceanography entails sampling of seawater and marine life, remote sensing of Oceanic process with aircraft and satellites, and exploration of the seafloor. Oceanography aids in predicting weather and climate, in the exploitation of the earth’s resources, and in understanding the effects of pollutants. The study of oceanography is classified in to
Biological oceanography: The study of plants, animals, and microbes of the ocean and their ecological interaction with the ocean.
Chemical oceanography: is the study of the chemistry of the ocean and its chemical interaction with the atmosphere.
Geological oceanography is the study of the geology of the ocean floor including plate tectonics and paleoceanography.
Physical oceanography: Studies the ocean’s physical attributes including temperature-salinity structure, mixing waves, internal waves, surface tides, internal tides, and currents.
References
1. Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson and R.H. Flemming 1958. The Oceans – their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. Prentice – Hall Inc. New Jersey, 1087 pp.
2. McCormick, J.M. and J.V. Thiruvathakal, 1976. Elements of Oceanography. 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 346 pp.
3. Neshyba, S. 1987. Oceanography: perspectives on a fluid earth. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 506 pp.
4. Gross, G. 1993. Oceanography: A view of the earth (sixth edition). Prentice – Hall Inc., New Jersey, 446 pp.
5. Pickard, G.L. and W.J. Emery, 1995. Descriptive Physical Oceanography – an Introduction (fifth edition). Pergamon Press, London, 520 pp.
6. Stowe, K., 1996. Exploring Ocean Science. John Wiley Sons Inc, NewYork 426 pp.
7. Duxbury, A.C., A.B. Duxbury and K.A. Sverdrup, 2000. An Introduction To The World’s Oceans. Wm. C. Brown Publishers,UK. 528 pp.
8. Harold V.Thurman, 2004. Introductory Oceanography. 10th edition, Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, 624 pp.
9. Genny Anderson, 2009. Tools of the Oceanography: Sampling equipments, measuring equipment, online marine science; Santa Barbara, California, USA.
Fishery Oceanography
Theory
Introduction to Oceanography: classification; expeditions national and international. Earth and the ocean basin, distribution of water and land; relief of sea floor; Major feature of topography and terminology; major divisions. Relief in Indian oceans. Ocean Waves: definition and terms; classification, Difference between surface and long waves; wave theories; surface wave generation; spreading growth; Beaufort Scale; spilling and breaking waves; long waves, Tsunamis, Seiches, internal waves. Ocean Tides: Definition; Tidal phenomenon, elementary tidal definition; tidal inequalities; tide producing forces types of tides tidal bores, tide prediction. Ocean Currents: Definitions and features; measurements of currents; direct and indirect methods forces acting on sea waters; drift currents Ekman spirals, upwelling, sinking, gradient currents; thermohaline circulation; characteristics; course; and significance of some major ocean currents of the world. El-Nino. Physical properties of sea water: Salinity and chlorinity; temperature; thermal properties of sea water; colligative and other properties of sea water; Residence time of constituents in seawater. Properties of sea ice; transmission of sound; absorption of radiation; eddy conductivity; diffusivity and viscosity. General distribution of temperature, salinity and density: Salinity and temperature of surface layer (SST), subsurface; distribution of temperature and salinity; The T-S diagram; water masses of Indian oceans. Chemistry of sea water: Constancy of composition; elements present in sea water; artificial sea water; dissolves gases in sea water; CO2 system and alkalinity; inorganic agencies affecting composition of sea water distribution of phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, silicates and manganese in the oceans, factor influencing their distribution.
Practicals
Field visits and operation of oceanographic instruments- Nansen reversing water sampler, Bathythermograph, Grabs, Corers, Current meters, Tidal gauges, Echo-sounder. Measurement of temperature, Transparency, pH. Determination of DO, Salinity, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Silicate in sea water.
Introduction to Oceanography, Definitions, and classification; Oceanic Expeditions with respect to national and international scenario. The earth and the ocean, Composition of the hydrosphere; biosphere; Earths’ interior-crust, mantle, core, Distribution of water and land, Important facts about the ocean.
Practical- NISKIN WATER SAMPLER and GRABS/CORERS-PRACTICALS
Relief of seafloor: Major features of topography and terminology; Major divisions. Relief in Indian oceans.
Practical- Collection of Sediment samples
Ocean Waves: definition and terms; classification, Difference between the surface and long waves; wave theories; surface wave generation; spreading growth; Beaufort Scale; spilling and breaking waves; long waves, Tsunamis, Seiches, internal waves.
Practical- Measurements of hydrographic properties
Ocean Tides: Definition; Tidal phenomenon, elementary tidal definition; tidal inequalities; tide producing forces types of tides tidal bores, tide prediction.
Ocean Currents: Definitions and features; measurements of currents; direct and indirect methods forces acting on sea waters; drift currents Ekman spirals, upwelling, sinking, gradient currents; thermohaline circulation; characteristics; course; and significance of some major ocean currents of the world.
Physical properties of seawater: Salinity and chlorinity; temperature; thermal properties of seawater; colligative and other properties of seawater; Residence time of constituents in seawater. Properties of sea ice; the transmission of sound; absorption of radiation; eddy conductivity; diffusivity and viscosity.
Physical properties of seawater: General distribution of temperature, salinity, and density: Salinity and temperature of the surface layer (SST), subsurface; distribution of temperature and salinity; The T-S diagram; water masses of Indian oceans.
Chemistry of sea water: Constancy of composition; elements present in sea water; artificial sea water; dissolves gases in sea water; CO2 system and alkalinity; inorganic agencies affecting the composition of sea water distribution of phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, silicates and manganese in the oceans, factor influencing their distribution.
Chemistry of sea water: Constancy of composition; elements present in sea water; artificial sea water; dissolves gases in sea water; CO2 system and alkalinity; inorganic agencies affecting the composition of sea water distribution of phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, silicates and manganese in the oceans, factor influencing their distribution.
Chemistry of sea water: Constancy of composition; elements present in sea water; artificial sea water; dissolves gases in sea water; CO2 system and alkalinity; inorganic agencies affecting the composition of sea water distribution of phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, silicates and manganese in the oceans, factor influencing their distribution.
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