Molecular Biology

Teacher

Dr. Sagarika Parida

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Course Name : Molecular Biology

Code(Credit) : CUTM1462(3-2-1)

Course Objectives

• Molecular biology deals with nucleic acids and proteins and how these molecules
interact within the cell to promote proper growth, division, and development
• This course will emphasize the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, repair,
protein synthesis etc.

Course Outcomes

COs

Course Outcome

Mapping COs with POs

(High-3, Medium-2, Low-1)

CO1

Gain an understanding of chemical nature of biological macromolecules and molecular processes that occur in and between cells

PO1-3, PO3-2, PO4-2

CO2

Learn about DNA, RNA regulation and replication, mutations, DNA repair mechanism

PO1-3, PO2-3, PO4-2

CO3

Can investigate nucleic acid in the samples and can pursue higher studies and research

PO1-3, PO2-3, PO4-3, PO5-2

Course Syllabus

Module I
Nucleic acids: Carriers of genetic information: Historical perspective; DNA as the carrier of genetic information: Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase, Avery, McLeod & McCarty, Fraenkel-Conrat’s experiment.

Practice:
1. Safety guide lines and regulations in Laboratory of molecular biology
2. Reagent and solution preparation and micropipetting excercise

Module-II
The Structures of DNA and RNA/Genetic Material: DNA Structure: Watson and Crick model of DNA, Salient features of double helix, Types of DNA, Types of genetic material, denaturation and renaturation, cot curves

Practice:
3. Isolation of DNA from leaves
4. Isolation of DNA from ripe banana
5. DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent
6. DNA estimation by UV Spectrophotometry
7. DNA estimation by Witham et. al.(1971) method

Module-III
Organization of DNA: Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes.
Organelle DNA: Mitochondria and chloroplast DNA;
The Nucleosome: Chromatin structure, Euchromatin, Heterochromatin: Constitutive and Facultative heterochromatin; RNA Structure

Practice:
8. Structure of DNA through photographs

Module-IV
The replication of DNA: Chemistry of DNA synthesis (Kornberg’s discovery); General principles –bidirectional, semiconservative and semi discontinuous replication, RNA priming; Various models of DNA replication, including rolling circle, θ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear ds-DNA, replication of the 5’end of linear chromosome; Enzymes involved in DNA replication.

Central dogma and genetic code:The Central Dogma (Adaptor hypothesis and discovery of mRNA template);
Genetic code: Deciphering & salient features of genetic code

Practice:
9. Study of Rolling circle DNA replication mechanisms through photographs
10. Study of Theta model of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs
11. Study of semi-discontinuous DNA replication mechanisms through photographs

Module-V
Transcription: Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Principles of transcriptional regulation
Prokaryotes: Regulation of lactose metabolism and tryptophan synthesis in E.coli.
Eukaryotes: transcription factors; Gene silencing.

Module-VI
Processing and modification of RNA: Split genes:concept of introns and exons, removal of introns,spliceosome machinery, splicing pathways, group I and group II intron splicing, alternative splicing eukaryotic mRNA processing(5’ cap, 3’ polyA tail); Ribozymes; RNA editing and mRNA transport.

Practice:
12. Study of Splicing mechanism in group I & group II introns

Module-VII
Translation: Ribosome structure and assembly, mRNA; Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases;
Various steps in protein synthesis: proteins involved in initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides;Inhibitors of protein synthesis; Post- translational modifications of proteins.

Text Book:
1. N. Arumugam,(2012) Molecular Biology, Saras Publication
2. Verma P.S. Agarwal V.K. (2010) Molecular Biology, S.Chand & Co.
Reference Books:
1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & sons, India. 8th edition.
2. Watson J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losick, R. (2007). Molecular Biology of the Gene, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press, New York, U.S.A. 6th edition.

Session Plan

Session 1

Nucleic acids: Carriers of genetic information: Historical perspective; DNA as the carrier of genetic information

Nucleic acid as the genetic carrier-Youtube

DNA as the carrier of genetic information-Youtube

Session 2

Classic experiments: DNA as the genetic material: Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase experiments

DNA is the Genetic Material-Youtube

Carrier of genes-Slideshare

Session 3

Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod Experiments: Identifying the transforming principle

DNA Experiments-E notes

How Did Scientists Prove That DNA Is Our Genetic Material-E notes

Session 4

Hershey-Chase experiments: DNA as the genetic material

Hershey-Chase experiments-E notes

<a href="https://www.slideshare.net/SamPandian/hershey-and-chase" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank

Session 5

Practice 1 (2 hours)
Safety guide lines and regulations in Laboratory of molecular biology

Molecular Biology Laboratory Structure and Safety Behaviors-Youtube

Dos and Don’ts for molecular testing

Session 6

Practice 2 (2 hours)
Reagent and solution preparation and micropipetting excercise

Pipette and Micropipette-

Micropipetting Lab Write Up

Session 7

Session 8

The Structures of DNA: Watson and Crick-Model

Structure of DNA-Slideshare

Session 10

Assignment 1
Types of DNA: Right and left handed DNA

Forms of DNA-Slideshare

Types

Session 13

Practice 3 (2 hours)
Isolation of DNA from ripe banana

Extracting

Session 18

Session 19

Practice 6 (2 hours)
DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent

Estimation of dna by diphenylamine method-Slideshare

Session 20

Types of Chromatin: Euchromatin, Heterochromatin, Difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin

Chromatin structure-Euchromatin and heterochromatin-Slideshare

Chromatin Types and Functions-E notes

Difference Between Heterochromatin and Euchromatin-E notes

Session 21

Assignment 2
Heterochromatin: Types: Constitutive and Facultative heterochromatin

Concept and types of heterochromatin-E notes

Heterochromatin Structure and types-E notes

Heterochromatin and euchromatin-Slideshare

Session 24

Practice 7 (2 hours)
DNA isolation from leaves
DNA Isolation

Session 28

RNA priming: need of RNA primer

RNA Primer in DNA Replication-E notes

<a href="RNA primers-Youtube

Session 31

Session 32

Assignment 6
Replication of linear ds-DNA: Replication of the 5’end of linear chromosome

Bidirectional DNA replication-Slideshare

<a href="Linear DNA replication-Animation Youtube

Session 33

Session 34

Assignment 8
Central dogma Key experiments establishing The Central Dogma: Adaptor hypothesis and discovery of mRNA template

Central Dogma of Life-Youtube

Intro to gene expression (central dogma)-E notes

Session 37

Practice 9 (2 hours)
Structure of DNA through photographs

Structure of DNA-Youtube

DNA Structure-Youtube

Session 38

Practice 10 (2 hours)
Study of Rolling circle DNA replication mechanisms through photographs

DNA rolling circle replication-Youtube

Rolling Circle Mechanism of Replication [HD Animation]-Youtube

Session 39

Practice 11 (2 hours)
Study of Theta model of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs

Theta model of DNA replication

Theta replication-Youtube

Session 41

Principles of transcriptional regulation in Prokaryotes: Regulation of lactose metabolism E.coli

The lac operon-E notes

Session 42

Gene regulation: Regulation of tryptophan synthesis

Central dogma-E notes

The trp operon-E notes

Session 43

Session 44

Processing and modification of RNA: Split genes-concept of introns and exons, removal of introns,spliceosome machinery

Pre mRNA processing-Youtube

RNA processing: 5' cap, 3' polyA tail, and Splicing-Yuotube

The Spliceosome: A Dynamic Ribonucleoprotein Machine-E notes

Structure of a Spliceosome-Youtube

Session 45

Session 46

Session 48

Transcription and Transposition:

Gene expression and transcription-Youtube

Transcription Animation-Youtube

Transcription-Youtube

<a href="Different mechanisms of transposition-Youtube" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Different mechanisms

Session 49

Practice 12 (2 hours)
Study of Splicing mechanism in group I & group II introns

splicing mechanism and its importance (overview)-Youtube

<a href="RNA Splicing at Atomic Resolution-Youtube

Session 51

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

Factors and Enzymes in Prokaryotic Translation-Youtube

<a href="https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/13%3A_Antimicrobial_Drugs/13.2%3A_Functions_of_Antimicrobial_Drugs/13.2D%3A_Inhibiting_Protein_Synthesis" rel="noopener noreferrer"

Protien synthesis inhibitors-Slideshare

Factors and Enzymes in Prokaryotic Translation-YoutubeProtien synthesis inhibitors-Slideshare

Our Main Teachers

Dr. Sagarika Parida has completed her research fellowship from NRRI, ICAR, Cuttack and has been awarded the Ph. D. degree in Botany from Utkal University. She has worked as Post Doctoral Fellow in IMMT, CSIR, Bhubaneswar. The focus of her research work has been on microbiology, integrated pest and disease management and herbal drug standardization […]