Ocular Physiology

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Salony sreeya pattnaik

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Subject Name-Ocular Physiology

Code- CUTM1783

Type T + P + Pj -( 3 + 1 + 0)

Credits- 4

Course Objective:

  • Ocular physiology deals with the physiological functions of each part of the eye.

Course Outcome:

  • At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
  1. Explain the normal functioning of all structures of the eye and their interactions
  2. Elucidate the physiological aspects of normal growth and development of the eye
  3. Understand the phenomenon of vision
  4. List the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis and treatment of diseases of the eye

MODULE-1

Cornea: Brief idea about ultra & histological structure of cornea. Corneal transparency & hydration, Regulation of corneal transparency & hydration. Corneal vascularization. Maurice theory & Goldman’s theory Uveal tract: Brief idea about uvea. Uveal meshwork. Uveo-scleral drainage. Schlemm’s canal switch. 3. Lens: Basic idea about human lens. Function of lens. Lens transparency. Lens culture. Changes in ageing lens. Cataract – overview. Practice: Pupil Examination

MODULE-2

Aqueous humour: Formation of Aqueous humour. Drainage & circulation of Aqueous Humour. Rates of production & flow. Functions of Aqueous humour. Vitreous Humour: Composition & distribution of vitreous humour, Physiology & function of vitreous humour, Optical role of vitreous humour. Practice: External eye examination - Torch light examination

MODULE-3

Retina: Retinal structure-layers of retina. Brief idea about rod & cones. Organization of retina. Function of retina. Optic Nerve: Physiology of optic nerve. Papilledema of optic nerve. Optic atrophy. Ocular Circulation: Vascular structure of the eye – ocular circulation, blood-ocular barrier (Blood-retinal, blood Vitreous & blood aqueous barrier). Regulation of ocular circulation.

MODULE-4

Protective Mechanism of the eye Blinking – muscles of lead closer & lid opening (orbecularisocculli, levatorpalpebre, Muller’s muscle, blinking reflexes. Lacrimation – i) Lacrimal glands ii) Pre corneal tear film iii) Chemistry of lachrymal secretion tear film iv) Tear film dynamics (secretion of tear, formation of tear, retention & redistribution of tear, displacement phenomena, evaporation from tear film, drying & breakup of tear film, dynamic events during blinking, elimination of tear.) Practice: Blink rate.

MODULE-5

The ocular motor system – Extra ocular muscles their function & nerve supply Mechanics of actions of extra ocular muscles -cross sectional area of muscle, length of muscle. Arc of contact, muscle plane, Muscle axis of rotation. Physiology of ocular movement – Basic Kinematics, (position of gaze, Fick’s axes) d. Ocular Movement (monocular and Binocular). Supra nuclear control of eye movements. e. Ocular movements - i) Monocular Movements (Adduction, Abduction, supraduction, Infraduction, Incycloduction, excycloduction) ii) Binocular Movements –VERSIONS- (saccadic & pursuit movement, position maintenance movements, stabilization movements & their characteristics). VERGENCES – (Convergence, divergence, vertical vengeance), Intraocular pressure – Features of normal IOP, Factors influencing the IOP, Control of IOP, and Measurement of IOP. Pupil – Normal pupil, Physiological changes in pupil size – Isocoria, Pupillary unrest, Hippies. Pupillary reflex – Light reflex, Near reflex, Darkness reflex, Psycho sensory reflex, Lid closure reflex Practice: Eye movements

MODULE-6

Accommodation – Far point, near point, range & amplitude of Accommodation Mechanism of accommodation – Increased tension theory, Relaxation theory, Role of lens capsule, Gullstrand mechanical model of accommodation, Stimulus for accommodation Ocular changes in accommodation. Changes in accommodation with arc (Presbyopia) Nervous mechanism for accommodation Color vision. Physiological, Photochemical & neurological basis of color vision b. Electrophysiology of color vision c. Granit’s modulator and dominator theory, Purkinje phenomenon. Young-Helmholtz theory d. Types of color defects e. Color blindness f. Neural analysis.

MODULE-7

Geniculate cortex: Structure of geneculate cortex. Electrophysiology Physiology of vision – Visual acuity – visual angle, Components of Visual acuity (Minimum visible, Resolution, Recognition Hyperacidity), Factors affecting, Measurement of visual acuity. Contrast Sensitivity – Types- (spatial &temporal contrast sensitivity), Neural Mechanism, Measurement of contrast sensitivity (Arden gratings, Cambridge low contest gratings, Pelli – Robson chart Light & Dark adaptation – Dark adaptation curve, Mechanism of dark adaptation, Factors influencing dark adaptation, Time course of light adaptation, Mechanism of light adaptation, Rod vs. cone light adaptation. Parkinje shift of spectral sensitivity.

TEXT BOOK:

L A Remington: Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System, Second edition, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Missouri, USA, 2005.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2006

SESSION PLAN

Session-1

Cornea: Brief idea about ultra & histological structure of cornea. Corneal transparency & hydration, Regulation of corneal transparency & hydration. Corneal vascularization.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnuoIDN-bHw

https://www.slideshare.net/ArunViswanathan3/the-cornea-199840828

Session-2

Goldman’s theory Uveal tract: Brief idea about uvea. Uveal meshwork. Uveo-scleral drainage. Schlemm’s canal switch

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oyigw4pAXno

https://www.slideshare.net/barun_garg/anatomy-of-uvea

Session-3

Lens: Basic idea about human lens. Function of lens. Lens transparency. Lens culture. Changes in ageing lens

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUHX9a8J7zY

https://www.slideshare.net/BipinBista3/age-related-changes-of-lens

Session-4

Cataract – overview.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bz4d2CxQNz0

https://www.slideshare.net/yuyuricci/cataract-84946130

Session-5

Pupil Examination

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3f0FVIU1q4

https://www.slideshare.net/riyad59/pupil-examination

Session-6

Maurice theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9T3JWLynbM

https://www.slideshare.net/tinachandar/corneal-transparency

Session-7

Aqueous humour: Formation of Aqueous humour

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKtLlOSh8o4

https://www.slideshare.net/shovon2026/production-and-flow-of-aqueous-humor

Session-8

Drainage & circulation of Aqueous Humour

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CFY4gxLnMY

https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/aqueous-humour-products-and-drainage

Session-9

Rates of production & flow. Functions of Aqueous humour

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4lnSwZ8vFc

https://www.slideshare.net/shovon2026/production-and-flow-of-aqueous-humor

Session-10

Vitreous Humour: Composition & distribution of vitreous humour

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2reHzLzP6-8

https://www.slideshare.net/DhaneshwarPal/vitreous-humour-ld

Session-11

Physiology & function of vitreous humour

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34FK9qwdFho

https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/vitreous-humour

Session-12

Optical role of vitreous humour

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOPowWL6upM

https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/vitreous-humour

Session-13

External eye examination - Torch light examination

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRZ-ntjVrfY

https://www.slideshare.net/reshma14695/ophthal-examination-of-eye

Session-14

Retina: Retinal structure-layers of retina. Brief idea about rod & cones.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBwy-27c01I

https://www.slideshare.net/Lhacha/retina-and-layers

Session-15

Function of retina.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4V6lKPSUly0

https://www.slideshare.net/PlabAmcle/physiology-of-retina-132912604

Session-16

Physiology of optic nerve. Papilledema of optic nerve

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RyOItWYJQM

https://www.slideshare.net/shovon2026/papilloedema-presentation1

Session-17

Optic atrophy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrGoJZHmt7Q

https://www.slideshare.net/adrenalinrush007/optic-atrophy-ppt

Session-18

Vascular structure of the eye

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BHGItJ3-vM

https://www.slideshare.net/anissuzanna/the-vascular-coat-of-the-eye

Session-19

ocular circulation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH2NbtSuQBM

https://www.slideshare.net/anjanikumar25/ocular-circulation

Session-20

blood-ocular barrier (Blood-retinal, blood Vitreous & blood aqueous barrier)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziPeeVNE1xQ

https://www.slideshare.net/pankajverma245/occular-drug-delivery-system-ppt-125787252

Session-21

Regulation of ocular circulation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iP8vTPW2lMw

https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanazmi069/blood-and-nerve-supply-of-eye

Session-22

Protective Mechanism of the eye Blinking – muscles of lead closer & lid opening.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSpRT9VM94U

https://www.slideshare.net/PlabAmcle/eyelid-anatomy-and-physiology

Session-23

Blink rate

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkpwUZyBXIs

https://www.slideshare.net/junushrestha18/tearfilm-blinking

Session-24

Orbicularis oculi

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opknIqu479M

https://www.slideshare.net/samia_rahman11/lps-and-orbicularis-oculi

Session-25

Levator palpebrae

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi0JcbH-3Pc

https://www.slideshare.net/PlabAmcle/eyelid-anatomy-and-physiology

Session-26

Muller’s muscle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byxBgV0-_yY

https://www.slideshare.net/sssihmspg/anatomy-of-the-eyelids-51907432

Session-27

blinking reflexes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LTEdal_wWA

https://www.slideshare.net/syedirshadmurtaza/blink-reflex

Session-28

Lacrimation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z2wWmXnoIQ

https://www.slideshare.net/getachewdesalegn/lacrimal-system-187156450

Session-29

Lacrimal glands

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBRwhv61x4k

https://www.slideshare.net/9495515571/anatomy-of-lacrimal-gland

Session-30

Pre corneal tear film

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1POWdvnyAU

https://www.slideshare.net/ArunViswanathan3/tear-film-199837675

Session-31

Chemistry of lachrymal secretion tear film

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eqm6PKgczx8

https://www.slideshare.net/Ferdous101531/tear-film-dr-ferdous-68240810

Session-32

Tear film dynamics (secretion of tear, formation of tear, retention & redistribution of tear, displacement phenomena, evaporation from tear film, drying & breakup of tear film, dynamic events during blinking, elimination of tear.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MPVrgTNuFI

https://www.slideshare.net/sssihmspg/tearfilmanddynamics

Session-33

The ocular motor system – Extra ocular muscles their function & nerve supply Mechanics of actions of extra ocular muscles -cross sectional area of muscle, length of muscle. Arc of contact, muscle plane, Muscle axis of rotation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldiNRvLhQ3A&list=PLZEQuAIfGkJdn1u9BIANPig3DloizyHQu

https://www.slideshare.net/drvasant162/ocular-motor-nerves

Session-34

Physiology of ocular movement – Basic Kinematics, (position of gaze, Fick’s axes) d. Ocular Movement (monocular and Binocular).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWKkHWWDIEI

https://www.slideshare.net/rabbiaammer2/extra-ocular-muscles-physiology

Session-35

Ocular Movement (monocular and Binocular). Supra nuclear control of eye movements.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieqYZV-Pwc0

https://www.slideshare.net/DominaPetri/eye-movements-78982447

Session-36

VERGENCES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wZav2CBeM4

https://www.slideshare.net/DrTukezbanHuseynova/vergences-of-the-eye

Session-37

Accommodation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yIpyitm6eE

https://www.slideshare.net/RohitRao2/accommodation-of-eye

Session-38

Geniculate cortex

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgMNUne9j9c

https://www.slideshare.net/neurophq8/anatomy-of-the-visual-pathways-and-visual-cortex

Session-39

Robson chart Light & Dark adaptation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiYmTAuVimg

https://www.slideshare.net/BidhunaRaj/light-and-dark-adaptation-chinnu-103853965

Session-40

Parkinje shift of spectral sensitivity.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOxMimXl9zk

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4851877/

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