Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Of Commercially Important Herbs

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Dr G V Ramana

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Core Courses

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Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Of Commercially Important Herbs

Code(Credit) : CUTM1167(2-1-0)

Code(Credit) : CUTM1416(3-1-0)

Course Objectives

This course is very critical in imbibing the knowledge of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Through this course students will understand the importance of Phytochemistry which actually added therapeutic value to the Medicinal Plants. This course enables analytical thinking of students which will help them in deducing and isolation of the vital phytochemical compounds.

Learning Outcomes

Students learning this course consequentially knows about secondary metabolites apart from learning about phytochemistry of significant medicinal plants which will enable them to do sensitive R&D experiments in future.

Course Syllabus

Phytochemistry of Commercially Important Herbs
Theory
Module I:
Concept note on commercial medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Collection, cultivation and trade of MAPs. Relationship between conservation sites and richness of MAPs. Commercial MAPs of India. Promoting medicinal plants cultivation as a tool for biodiversity conservation. Yield assessment and cost-benefit analysis. Role of National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB) in Promotion of MAPs. Marketing of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Strategies.
Module II:
Methods of extraction, isolation and characterization of natural products. Various separation techniques used for isolation of natural products. Biosynthetic pathways. Primary metabolites, their examples. Secondary metabolites, various classes of secondary metabolites (e.g. Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, lignans, saponins, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins etc.).
Module III
Important therapeutic classes: anti-diabetics, hepatoprotectives, immunomodulators, nutraceuticals, natural products for gynecological disorders, anti-cancer, anti-viral (mainly anti-HIV), adaptogens etc.
Module IV
Phytochemistry of Neem: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to alkaloids (nimbin, nimbolide etc.), Phytochemistry of Brahmi: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to bitters (bacosides)
Phytochemistry of Turmeric: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to phenols (curcuminoids) ,Phytochemistry of Withaniasomnifera: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to steroids (withanolides), Phytochemistry of Andrographis paniculata: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to bitters (andrographolides), Phytochemistry of Ginger: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to phenols (gingerols), Phytochemistry of Garlic: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to phenols (allicin), Phytochemistry of Terminalia Arjuna: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to triterpenes (arjunolic acid)
Module V
Definition, history, scope of Pharmacognosy in indigenous system of medicine; Sources of drugs- Biological, marine, mineral and modern techniques like plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs; Classification of drugs and natural origin- Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs. Demand and supply of crude drugs and their regulations with reference to trade and biodiversity; Adulteration, Quality control and drug evaluation: Significance of Pharmacopoeia standards. Detection of adulteration by organoleptic, macroscopic and microscopic methods
Practical
1) Preparation of extracts of Herbs by successive solvent extraction method to record the percentage yield.
2)Detection of Phytoconstituents such as i) Alkaloids, ii) Steroids, Triterpenoids and their glylosides and Saponins iii) Flavonoids and their glycosides iv) Anthracene Glycosides v) Coumarins vi) Tannins by chemical tests and TLC methods.
3)Extraction and estimation of volatile oils by Clevenger’s method (Hydro distillation method).
4)Isolation and Purification of following natural products, (a)Piperine form Black Pepper, (b)Caffeine from Tea Powder, (c) Eugenol from Clove oil. Isolation of natural products by column chromatography.
5)TLC figure print profiles of following medicinal plants with special emphasis on their marker compounds, (a) Withania somnifera, (b) Bacopa monnieri, (c) Curcuma longa, (d) Glycyrrhiza glabra
Suggested Readings
Theory
E-content:  www.nmpb.nic.in/
Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Jarald, Edwin E. and Edwin JaraldSheeja
Textbook of Industrial Pharmacognosy, Kalia, A.N
Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology Ashutosh Kar
Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, Evans, W.C.
Pharmacognosy Kokate, C.K A and Purohit, A.P
Practical
Natural Products: Aa laboratory guide by Raphael Ikan, Academic Press.
Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate , Publisher: Nirali Prakashan
Pharmacognosy by Trease & Evans
Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry by Vinod Rangari
Chemistry of Natural Products: A Laboratory Handbookh by Krishnaswamy NR.

Session Plan

Session 1

Concept note on commercial medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Collection, cultivation and trade of MAPs. Relationship between conservation sites and richness of MAPs.

https://www.slideshare.net/shalinipandey77985/medicinal-plants-27019694

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDCPiCXTs

Session 2

Commercial MAPs of India. Promoting medicinal plants cultivation as a tool for biodiversity conservation. Yield assessment and cost-benefit analysis

https://www.slideshare.net/ei1234/cultivation-and-processing-of-selected-medicinal-plants?qid=13fadee8-27f8-418d-940f-8ff23c44bb92&v=&b=&from_search=11

.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae0U-VXPGPk&feature=emb_logo

Session 3

Session 5(Practical)

• Preparation of extracts of Herbs by successive solvent extraction method to record the percentage yield.
• Extraction and estimation of volatile oils by Clevenger’s method (Hydro distillation method).

Session 9

 Various classes of secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins)

 Session 10(Practical)

 • Detection of Phytoconstituents such as i) Alkaloids, ii) Steroids, Triterpenoids and their glylosides and Saponins iii) Flavonoids and their glycosides iv) Anthracene Glycosides v) Coumarins vi) Tannins by chemical tests and TLC methods.

Session 11

Various classes of secondary metabolites (lignans, saponins, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins etc.).

II Phytopharmaceuticals_GVR_Lecture 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufG3UUUHr0M

Session 12(Practical)

• Detection of Phytoconstituents such as Flavonoids and their glycosides iv) Anthracene Glycosides v) Coumarins vi) Tannins by chemical tests and TLC methods.

Session 13

Important therapeutic classes: anti-diabetics, hepatoprotectives, immunomodulators, nutraceuticals, natural products for gynecological disorders

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uk0MPsGvzMQ

Anti diabetic

Session 14

Anti-cancer, anti-viral (mainly anti-HIV), adaptogens etc.

anticancer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaZTlnDlnOA

Case Studies I

Phytochemistry of Neem: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to alkaloids (nimbin, nimbolide etc.)

https://www.slideshare.net/ShailendraShah1/2-azadriachata-indicaneem?qid=25bee632-971a-4206-b518-0db7375ea02f&v=&b=&from_search=78

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEVCQzoSqt4

Case Studies II

Phytochemistry of Brahmi: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to bitters (bacosides)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bv2O8Gi4ncQ

Case Studies III

Phytochemistry of Turmeric: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to phenols (curcuminoids)

https://www.slideshare.net/ssusera9ba27/spice-as-medicine-turmeric-curcuma-longa?qid=f6b9986b-a54f-4fa0-aeb1-39d298acf0fb&v=&b=&from_search=10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8Q5jDew_OI&feature=emb_logo

Case Studies IV

Phytochemistry of Withaniasomnifera: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to steroids (withanolides)

https://www.slideshare.net/NandhuLal/medicinal-plantsdill-aswagandha-kacholam?qid=6516cef9-5ee6-42e9-9da7-c757a146b678&v=&b=&from_search=4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJVAqAkDgQk

Case Studies V

Phytochemistry of Andrographis paniculata: General chemical class and identification tests, specific tests for markers, special reference to bitters (andrographolides)

https://www.slideshare.net/thorapadi/andrographolide-database?qid=1bf3b5d2-8675-481d-b118-e16c0db50a4e&v=&b=&from_search=13

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcrSDqe1Sb0

Case Studies VI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcrSDqe1Sb0

Practical Session IV

  • Isolation and Purification of following natural products, (a)Piperine form Black Pepper, (b)Caffeine from Tea Powder, (c) Eugenol from Clove oil.

Case Studies VII

Case Studies VIII

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