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High-throughput technologies produce massive amounts of data, much too large to analyze by hand. The objective of this course is:
At the end of this course, learners are expected to learn:
SUBJECT I: BREEDING APPROACH TO SEED PRODUCTION
Module: I
Floral Biology, Seed Development and Maturation (10 hr)
Floral types, structure and biology in relation to pollination mechanisms; Sporogenesis: microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis; Gametogenesis - development of male and female gametes and their structures; Fertilization – embryo sac structure, process, barriers to fertilization, incompatibility and male sterility, factors affecting fertilization; Embryogenesis - development of typical monocot and dicot embryos; Endosperm development, modification of food storage structures with reference to crop plants; Different types of embryos, endosperm and cotyledons; Seed coat structure and development in representative crop plants; Apomixis – identification, classification, significance and its utilization in different crops for hybrid seed production; Causes of embryo abortion, embryo rescue and synthetic seeds.
Module II
Post harvest handling of seeds (10 hr)
Threshing methods; Drying - methods of seed drying; Seed processing - seed cleaning and grading; Processing equipments -cleaner cum grader; Upgrading equipments working principles - specific gravity separator, colour sorter, indented cylinder separator, spiral separator, magnetic separator, needle separator; Seed quality enhancement techniques; Importance - seed fortification, seed priming, seed coating, seed pelleting.
Module III
Seed legislation (10 hr)
Seeds Act 1966; Seed Rules 1968; Seed Control Order, 1983; and Seed Bill 2004; Seed law enforcement; Duty and powers of seed inspector, offences and penalties; Seeds Control Order 1983; Salient features of PPV&FRA 2001; National Seed Policy 2002; and Seed Bill 2004.
Module IV
Seed Quality Testing (10 hr)
Seed quality assessment - importance; Varietal identification through grow out test, molecular and biochemical test; Detection of genetically modified crops; Field inspection principles and methods- Inspection at harvesting, threshing and processing; Pre-and post-processing quality testing of seed; Seed testing concepts and objectives, its role in seed quality control; Seed sampling, seed moisture testing, purity analysis, germination testing, tolerance limit and seed testing equipments; Quick viability test and seed standards; Seed vigour-its significance and testing methods; Post harvest inspection - processing, bagging and tagging.
Module V
Seed Storage and marketing (10 hr)
Seed storage-principles; Factors affecting seed longevity during storage; Seed treatments and packaging materials; Measures for pest and disease control during storage and godown sanitation; Seed marketing-structure and organization; Sales promotional activities; Factors affecting seed marketing and demand; International seed movement; Role of international organizations, WTO and OECD in seed trade.
Module: VI
Emerging Trends in Seed Quality Enhancement (10 hr)
Concept and significance of seed quality enhancement; Physical, chemical and pesticidal seed treatments, history, principles and methods of seed treatment, methodology and factors affecting seed enhancement treatments; Seed priming: physiological and biochemical basis, types of priming technology, biochemical and molecular changes associated, pregermiantion, film coating and pelleting, seed tapes, seed mats, seed colouring, biopriming; Synthetic seeds – Aim and scope for synthetic seeds, historical development, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation and their control, embryo encapsulation systems, hardening of artificial seeds, cryopreservation, storage of artificial seeds, desiccation tolerance, use of botanicals in improving seed quality etc.
SUBJECT II: SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Module: I
Principles of Seed Production (10 hr)
Introduction: Seed as basic input in agriculture; seed development in cultivated plants; seed quality concept and importance of genetic purity in seed production; types of cultivars, their maintenance and factors responsible for deterioration; seed production in self and cross pollinated crops. Mode of pollination and reproduction in crop plants and their modification in relation to hybrid seed production. Principles of hybrid seed production, isolation distance, synchronization of flowering, rouging etc. male sterility and incompatibility system in hybrid seed production, role of pollinators and their management; Seed multiplication ratios, seed replacement rate, demand and supply; suitable areas of seed production and storage, agronomy of seed production – agro climatic requirements and their influence on quality seed production; generation system of seed multiplication; maintenance of Nucleus seed, production of Breeder, Foundation and Certified seed– criteria involved; life span of a variety and causes for its deterioration; certification standards for self and cross pollinated and vegetative propagated crops. Planning of seed production for different classes of seeds for self and cross pollinated crops, Seed quality control system and organization, seed village concept; Seed production agencies, seed industry and custom seed production in India.
Module: II
Seed Production in Field Crops (10 hr)
Basic principles in seed production and importance of quality seed. Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism in self-pollinated cereals and millets viz, wheat, barley, paddy, ragi etc. Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism in cross-pollinated cereals and millets viz maize, sorghum, bajraetc ; methods and techniques of quality seed production incross-pollinated cereals and millets. Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in pulses (pigeon pea, chick pea, green garm, black garm, field beans, peas etc.). Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in major oil seeds (groundnut, castor, sunflower, safflower, rape and mustard, linseed, sesame etc.). Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in commercial fibers (cotton, jute, mestaetc) and vegetatively propagated crops like sugar cane, potato etc.
Module: III
Seed Production in Vegetables (10 hr)
Introduction; modes of propagation in vegetables. Seed morphology and development in vegetable seeds. Floral biology of these plant species; classification of vegetable crops based on pollination and reproduction behavior; steps in quality seed production; identification of suitable areas/locations for seed production of these crops. Classification based on growth cycle and pollination behavior; methods of seed production; comparison between different methods e.g. seed-to-seed vs. root-to-seed method in radish; seed multiplication ratios in vegetables; pollination mechanisms; sex types, ratios and expression and modification of flowering pattern in cucurbits; nursery raising and transplanting stage. Seed production technology of vegetables viz. solanaceous, cucurbitaceous, leguminous, malvaceous, cole crops, leafy vegetables, root, tuber and bulb crops and spices; harvesting/picking stage and seed extraction in fruit vegetables; clonal propagation and multiplication in tuber crops e.g. Potato, sweet potato, colocasia, tapioca; seed-plot technique in potato tuber seed production; hybrid seed production technology of vegetable crops, TPS (true potato seed) and its production technique; hybrids in vegetables; maintenance of parental lines; use of male sterility and self incompatibility in hybrid seed production, environmental factors related to flowering/bolting in vegetable crops.
Module: IV
Seed Production in Flowers, Medicinal, Fruits and Plantation Crops (10 hr)
Introduction: modes of propagation in fruits, flower and plantation crops. Floral biology of these plant species; classification of medicinal and horticultural crops based on pollination and reproduction behavior; steps in quality seed production; identification of suitable areas/locations for seed production of these crops. Flowers and Medicinal Plants; classification based on growth cycle, reproduction and pollination behavior; nursery requirement, planning and management; technology for quality seed production in important flower species i.e. marigolds, petunias, dahlia, roses, gladiolus, tulips, chrysanthemum etc; development of hybrids and their seed production technology flower plants. Seed production technology of annual medicinal plants viz. isabgol, ashawagandha etc. Fruit and Plantation Crops: role of seed in perennial plant species; classification based on reproduction and pollination behavior; polyembryony and its significance; nursery requirement, planning and management; clonal propagation and multiplication in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruits and plantation crops; seed orchards; seed collection, extraction and processing. IPR issues with special reference to floral and plantation crops.
Module: V
Seed Production in Forage, Pasture and Green Manure Crops (10 hr)
Important pasture and forage legume crops in India; seed requirement and production; classification of forage, pastures and green manure crops; pollination behavior. Factors influencing seed production; maintenance of varietal purity, generation systems of seed multiplication self pollinated crops; seed production in apomictic grasses. Methods and techniques of seed production in important grasses, pastures, legumes and green manure crops; apomictic seed. Selection of seed production areas, influence of season, seed rate and spacing, sowing methods, direct seed sowing, transplanting, pelleting, fertilizer and manure requirement, isolation distance, weed control, pollination and seed setting, seed shattering, seed maturity and stage of harvest, seed collection, economics of seed production of important fodder crops. Seed processing, seed treatment, seed storage, seed viability of these crops.
Module: VI
Hybrid Seed Production (10 hr)
Heterosis: definition, expression and estimation of hybrid vigour; utilization of heterosis in agricultural, horticultural and other crop plants for crop improvement. Pre requisites for hybrid seed production; mechanisms and management of pollination in autogamous and allogamous crops; genetic constitution of varieties, hybrids and basic principles in seed production. Techniques of hybrid seed production - emasculation and crossing: use of self-incompatibility, modification of sex; types of male sterility and exploitation in hybrid development and its use in hybrid seed production; development and maintenance of A, B and R lines. Fertility restoration; use of chemical hybridizing agents, problems of non synchrony in flowering of parental lines and methods to overcome; planting ratios and population density in relation to hybrid seed yield; salient features of hybrid seed production of various crops viz., rice, sorghum, bajra, maize, sunflower, cotton and other major vegetables.
SUBJECT III: MOLECULAR APPROACH
Module: I
DNA Technology – I (10 hr)
Restriction enzymes, Modification enzymes, Ligases and nucleases, Use of restriction enzymes, Isoschizomers, Ligation procedure and applications, Homopolymer tailing, Linkers and DNA adapters, Immunodetection, DNA Methylation
Module: I
DNA Technology – II (10 hr)
DNA hybridization and cot curve, DNA Sequencing, Principles of PCR, PCR methodology, Designing PCR primers, Types of PCR – cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR, Multiplex PCR and identification of PCR products, Applications of PCR technology, Transcriptomics, Principles of pyrosequencing
Module: III
Genetic Engineering – I (10 hr)
Manipulation of purified plasmid, Classification of vectors, Artificial vectors, Different types of cloning vectors, Cosmids, Phagemids – M13, Expression vectors, Vectors for genomic library
Module: IV
Genetic Engineering – II (10 hr)
Cloning strategies for sequencing and detection of clones, Cloning strategies for expression and detection of clones, Genomic library, cDNA library, Gene transformation methods (Direct and Indirect), Introduction to transgenic plants, Application of Transgenics – Case studies
Module: V
Molecular Breeding – I (10 hr)
Types of markers, Molecular markers, Classification of molecular markers based on PCR, Classification of molecular markers based on dominance, Characterisitcs and application of molecular markers, Molecular marker with advantages and limitations – RFLP, Molecular marker with RAPD, Molecular marker with SSR, Molecular marke with AFLP, Molecular marker with AFLP.
Module: VI
Molecular Breeding – II (10 hr)
Marker assisted selection (MAS), Applications in crop improvement, Practical case studies on MAS, QTL Mapping, Marker assisted back crossing (MABC), 16sRNA typing, Gel electrophoresis, Gel scoring and data analysis for phylogenetic relationship, Use of standard MAS procedures.
Floral types and structure
1 Floral structure (Video)
Floral types and biology in relation to pollination mechanisms
2 pollination Mechanisms (Video)
Sporogenesis: microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis
3 Microsporogenesis (video)
Gametogenesis - development of male and female gametes and their structures
4 Megagametogenesis (Video)
Male Sterility and Self-incompatability
Embryogenesis - development of typical monocot and dicot embryos
6 Embryo Development (video)
Endosperm Development
7 Endosperm development (video)
Apomixis – identification, classification, significance and its utilization in different crops for hybrid seed production.
7 Endosperm development (video)
Causes of embryo abortion
9 embryo rescue (Video)
Embryo rescue and synthetic seeds.
Threshing Methods
Seed drying and methods of seed drying
Air distribution system and types of seed dryers for heated air- drying
Seed cleaning and methods of seed cleaning
Seed processing equipment-Cleaner cum grader
Upgrading equipment working principles- specific gravity separator, colour sorter and indented cylinder separator
Upgrading equipment working principles- spiral separator, magnetic separator and needle separator
Seed quality enhancement techniques-Seed treatment
Seed quality enhancement techniques- special treatments(Hardening, fortification, pelleting and priming
Seed treating equipments
History of Seed Legislation
Seeds Act 1966
Seed Rules
Seed Control Order
Role of Seed Inspectors
Seeds Order 1989
Plant Varieties and Farmer's Rights
Seed Policy 2002
Seed Bill 2004
Seed Bill 2019
Seed Quality Assessment
Viability test
Post harvest inspection
Seed Storage
Pre and Post processing quality testing
Pest and Diseases control during Storage
Seed marketing and Organisation
Sales promotion activities in seed marketing
Factor affecting seed marketing and demand
WTO in Seed Marketing
Seed Processing and its Significance
Artificial/Synthetic Seed Hardening, Cryopreseravtion, Storage of Synthetic Seed
Artificial/Synthetic Seed Hardening, Cryopreservation, Storage of Synthetic Seed
Practice session-I
Practice session-II
Practice session II
Objectives of seed quality enhancement, Seed enhancement techniques, Seed treatment, Equipments for seed treatment, Main groups of chemical formulations used as seed treatment, Techniques of seed priming, Seed pelleting and pelleting materials, and Seed pelleting process
Seed Tapes, Seed Mats, Seed discs, Seed carpets, Seed colouring and Name of botanicals used in different crops
Assignment I
Quiz I
Internal Test
Practice Test I
Introduction: Seed as basic input in agriculture; seed development in cultivated plants; seed quality concept and importance of genetic purity in seed production.
Types of cultivars, their maintenance and factors responsible for deterioration; seed production in self and cross pollinated crops.
Mode of pollination and reproduction in crop plants and their modification in relation to hybrid seed production, Principles of hybrid seed production, isolation distance, synchronization of flowering, rouging etc.
Male sterility and incompatibility system in hybrid seed production, role of pollinators and their management.
Seed multiplication ratios, seed replacement rate, demand and supply; suitable areas of seed production and storage.
Agronomy of seed production – agro climatic requirements and their influence on quality seed production
Generation system of seed multiplication; maintenance of Nucleus seed, production of Breeder, Foundation and Certified seed– criteria involved
Life span of a variety and causes for its deterioration; certification standards for self and cross pollinated and vegetative propagated crops
Planning of seed production for different classes of seeds for self and cross pollinated crops
Seed quality control system and organization, seed village concept; Seed production agencies, seed industry and custom seed production in India.
Basic principles in seed production. Seed quality and its importance in seed production
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism in self-pollinated cereals
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism in self-pollinated cereals
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism in cross-pollinated cereals
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism in cross-pollinated cereals
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in pulses
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in pulses
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in major oil seeds
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in major oil seeds
Floral structure, breeding and pollination mechanism; methods and techniques of seed production in commercial fibers
Floral Biology & seed development and morphology and Modes of propagation in vegetables
Floral Biology & seed development and morphology and Modes of propagation in vegetables
Classification of vegetable crops
Steps in quality seed production
Hybrid seed production technology of vegetable crops
Clonal propagation and Seed plot technique
Seed production technology in Brinjal
Seed Production in Bhendi & Onion
Seed production technology of Chilli
Seed production technology of cucurbitaceous
Environmental factors related to flowering/bolting in vegetable crops
Introduction: modes of propagation in fruits, flower and plantation crops
classification of medicinal and horticultural crops based on pollination and reproduction behaviour
Flowers: classification based on growth cycle, reproduction and pollination behaviour; nursery requirement, planning and management. Technology for quality seed production in important flower species.
Flowers: classification based on growth cycle, reproduction and pollination behaviour; nursery requirement, planning and management. Technology for quality seed production in important flower species.
Seed production technology of annual medicinal plants
Fruit Crops: role of seed in perennial plant species; classification based on reproduction and pollination behaviour
Fruit Crops: role of seed in perennial plant species; classification based on reproduction and pollination behaviour
Plantation Crops: role of seed in perennial plant species; classification based on reproduction and pollination behaviour
Polyembryony and its significance; nursery requirement, planning and management.
Clonal propagation and multiplication in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruits and plantation crops
Important pasture and forage legume crops in India, seed requirement and production
Important pasture and forage legume crops in India, seed requirement and production
Classification of forage, pastures and green manure crops; pollination behavior
Classification of forage, pastures and green manure crops; pollination behavior
Factors influencing seed production; maintenance of varietal purity, generation systems of seed multiplication
Heterosis: definition, expression and estimation of hybrid vigour
Utilization of heterosis in agricultural, horticultural and other crop plants for crop improvement
Pre requisites for hybrid seed production; mechanisms and management of pollination in autogamous and allogamous crops
Techniques of hybrid seed production - emasculation and crossing, Planting ratios and population density in relation to hybrid seed yield, problems of non-synchrony in flowering of parental lines
Self-incompatibility, its type and use in hybrid seed production
Male sterility, its type, and exploitation in hybrid seed development, Fertility restoration; use of chemical hybridizing agents
Development and maintenance of A, B and R lines
Seed Production in Cereals
Seed Production in Sunflower and Cotton
Seed Production in Vegetables
Seed Quality
Floral Biology of Castor
Floral Biology & seed development and morphology and Modes of propagation in vegetables
Practice I classification based on reproduction and pollination behaviour in Papaya
Importance of pasture and forage legume crops, Classification of forage, pastures and green manure crops, Production and Maintenance of Apomictic Hybrid, Flowers and Pollination Dynamics of Egyptian clover, and Seed Standard of Egyptian clover, Lucerne and Senji.
Seed Processing Plant Layout Planning, Requirements in seed processing, Movement of seed in a processing plant, Seed processing equipments, Types of storage, Classification of packing materials or containers, and Maintenance of viability in storage.
Types of Heterosis and Prediction of Performance of double ross hybrid
Practice session 1 Types of Heterosis and prediction of Performance of double cross hybrids
Different Methods of Emasculation Techniques
Practice session 2 Different Methods of Emasculation Techniques
Quiz II
Quiz III
Assignment III
Practice Test II
Restriction enzymes-Classification,nomenclature
Modification enzymes
Ligases and Nucleases
Uses of restriction enzymes
Isochizomers
Ligation procedure and applications
Homopolymer tailing
Linkers and DNA adapters
Immunodetection
DNA methylation
DNA hybridization and Cot Curve
DNA sequencing (Sanger Method)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Principles of PCR
PCR Methodology
Designing PCR Primers
Types of PCR, CDNA Synthesis and RT-PCR
Multiplex PCR and Identification of PCR Products
Applications of PCR technology
Transcriptomics: Definition and Applications of Transcriptomics and NGS in brief
Principles of Pyrosequencing
Manipulation of purified plasmid
Classification of vectors
Artificial vectors
Different types of cloning vectors, Plasmid-pUC 19, λ Phage.
Cosmids
Phagemids
Types of expression vectors
Vectors for genomic library in genetic engineering-Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
Vectors for genomic library in genetic engineering-Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
Vectors for genomic library in genetic engineering-P1-derived Artificial Chromosomes
Cloning strategies for Sequencing and Detection of clones
DNA delivery systems
Genomic Library- strategies, construction and application
cDNA Library-- strategies, construction and application
Gene transformation methods
Gene transformation methods (Indirect)
Introduction to transgenic plants
Application of Transgenics- case study-I
Application of Transgenics- case study-II
Application of Transgenics- case study-III
Molecular Markers-Introduction
Types of Molecular markers: Hybridization based
Types of Molecular Markers
Types of Molecular Markers and it's applications
Sequence based molecular markers: SNPs
Molecular Marker with advantages and limitations - RFLPs
Molecular Marker with advantages and limitations -RAPD
Molecular Marker with advantages and limitations -SSR
Molecular Marker with advantages and limitations –AFLP
Molecular Markers Case Study:
Marker assisted selection (MAS) and MABC
Marker assisted backcross breeding (MABC): Applications in crop improvement-case studies
QTL mapping: Definition and case studies
Genome-wide Association Mapping-GWAS
Case studies-GWAS
Use of standard MAS procedures- screening crops for resistance to different biotic stress traits.
Use of standard MAS procedures- screening crops for resistance to different abiotic stress traits.
Advanced breeding tools for seed production
RAD-Seq
Isolation of Plant genome DNA from F1 progenies and its visualization on Agarose GEl Electrophoresis
Isolation of RNA and its quantification
Restriction Digestion
Quantative determination of proteins by UV, visible Spectrophotometer
Characterization of Proteins using SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Silver staining of proteins)
Blotting Techniques for Protein - Western blotting
Gene amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and qRTPCR
https://www.promega.in/resources/guides/nucleic-acid-analysis/pcr-amplification/
Practice 28: Check the hybrid (F1) fidelity using molecular markers
Molecular Tests for seed quality assessment.
Practice 30: Biochemical test for seed quality assessment
Assignment IV
Quiz IV
Final Exam
Practice Test III