States of Matter and Ionic Equilibrium

Teacher

Dr. Shraban Kumar Sahoo

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Core Courses

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Course Name : States of Matter and Ionic Equilibrium

Code(Credit) : CUTM1470 (3-2-1)

Course Objectives

To develop basic and advance concepts regarding the three states of matter.

To derive the expressions for determining the physical properties of gases, liquids and solids.

Learning Outcomes

COs Course outcomes Mapping COs with POs (High-3, Medium-2, Low-1)
CO1 Derive mathematical expressions for different properties of gas, liquid and solids and understand their physical significance. Explain the crystal structure and calculate related properties of cubic systems. PO1 (3)
CO2 Explain the concept of ionization of electrolytes with emphasis on weak acid and base and hydrolysis of salt. PO2(3)
CO3 Apply the concepts of gas equations, pH and electrolytes while studying other chemistry courses, everyday life and industries. PO3(2), PO4 (1), PO5(1)

Course Syllabus

Course Outline

Module I

Gaseous state-I:

Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, causes of deviation. Van der Waals equation of state for real gases, Boyle temperature (derivation not required), Critical phenomena,critical constants and their calculation from van der Waals equation.

Assignment-1: Empirical Gas Laws

Assignment-2: Ideal gas equation

Module II

Gaseous state-II:

Maxwell Boltzmann distribution laws of molecular velocities, Molecular energies (graphic representation – derivation not required) and their importance, Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most probable, average and root mean square velocities, Collision cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision diameter and mean free path of molecules. Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and pressure on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only)

Assignment-3: Degrees of freedom of the gaseous molecule

Assignment-4: Liquefaction of gases

Module III

Liquid state:

Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state, Physical properties of liquids; vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their determination, Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity. Temperature variation of viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases

Assignment-5: Thermodynamic and intermolecular forces in solution

Practice-1: Determination of surface tension

Practice-2: Determination of Viscosity of Organic Solvents

Practice-3: Determination of co-efficient of viscosity of an unknown aqueous solution

Practice-4:  Study the variation of surface tension of detergent solutions with concentration

Module IV

Solid state:

Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller indices, Elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, qualitative idea of point and space groups, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices. X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, a simple account of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method, Analysis of powder diffraction patterns of NaCl, CsCl and KCl

Assignment-6: Calculating the intensity of diffraction using the structure factor equation

Practice-5: Indexing of a given powder diffraction pattern of a cubic crystalline system.

Module V

Ionic equilibria-I:

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, Degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ions effect, dissociation constants of mono and diprotic acids

Assignment -7: Strength of acids and bases

Practice-6: Determination of the pH scale by the method of successive dilutions

Practice-7: Study the effect of addition of HCl/NaOH on pH to the solutions of acetic acid, sodium acetate and their mixtures.

 Module VI

Ionic equilibria-II:

Degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, Ionization constant and ionic product of water, Buffer solutions; derivation of Henderson equation and its applications, Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle

Assignment-8: Mixture of two weak acids

Assignment-9: Ionization of polyprotic acids

Practice-8: Determination of solubility product

Practice-9: Designing a buffer solution with a specific pH

Module VII

Ionic equilibria-III:

 Qualitative treatment of acid – base titration curves, Calculation of pH at various stages, Theory of acid–base indicators, Selection of indicators and their limitations

Assignment-10: Common acid-base indicators and their properties

Practice-10: To determine the amount of substance in a solution of unknown concentration using various titrimetric methods

Practice-11: pH metric titration of (i) strong acid with strong base, (ii) weak acid with strong base

Practice-12: Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid

Book References:

Theory:

Atkins, P.W.; Paula, J.de. (2014),Atkin’s Physical Chemistry Ed., 10th Edition, Oxford University Press.

Ball, D. W. (2017),Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition,Cengage Learning, India.

Castellan, G. W. (2004),Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition, Narosa.

Kapoor, K.L. (2015),A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Vol 1, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill Education.

Practical:

Khosla, B.D.; Garg, V.C.; Gulati, A. (2015),Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.

Kapoor, K.L. (2019),A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Vol.7, 1st Edition, McGraw Hill Education.

Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W.; Shoemaker, D. P.( 2003),Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Additional Resources:

Moore, W.J. (1972),Physical Chemistry, 5th Edition,Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.

Glasstone, S. (1948), Textbook of Physical Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand company, N

Session 10

Collision cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision diameter and mean free path of molecules

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQN5FoYh6gA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1yZPDXjvCI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohXX6it-GPU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7RfLCmN3aQ

 

Session 11

Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and pressure on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only)

https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/101103004/pdf/mod1.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRh9cNJOrMM

Session 13

Assignment-4: Flip Class

Liquefaction of gases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fvaaKOuX2s

Session 14

Session 15

Physical properties of liquids; vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their determination

https://www.coursera.org/lecture/sports-building-aerodynamics/1-1-fluid-properties-part-1-zzn0m

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkWJjQp-9sw

Session 19

Practice-1: Determination of surface tension (2 hours)

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=45&sim=551&cnt=1

Session 20

Practice-2: Determination of Viscosity of Organic Solvents (2 hours)

https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=2&brch=190&sim=339&cnt=1

Session 21

Practice-3: Determination of co-efficient of viscosity of an unknown aqueous solution (2 hours)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtfbmAw62Hw

Session 22

Practice-4: Study the variation of surface tension of detergent solutions with concentration(2 hours)

https://www.learncbse.in/to-study-the-effect-of-detergent-on-surface-tension-of-water-by-observing-capillary-rise/

Session 23

Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller indices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPMrsLx8kTw

https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/104104101/L01.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h57hFAsLAGo

Session 24

Elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, qualitative idea of point and space groups, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-069-crystal-structure-analysis-spring-2010/lecture-notes/

https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/104104101/L01.html

Session 27

Assignment-6: Flip Class

Calculating the intensity of diffraction using the structure factor equation

http://pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk/pdnn/diff2/structf.htm

https://www.coursera.org/lecture/microscopy/dynamical-scattering-RGMpx

Session 28

Practice-5: Indexing of a given powder diffraction pattern of a cubic crystalline system(2 hours)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZkb2uPwZlY

Session 35

Practice-6: Determination of the pH scale by the method of successive dilutions (2 hours)

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-310-laboratory-chemistry-fall-2017/

http://chemcollective.org/vlab/100

Session 36

Practice-7: Study the effect of addition of HCl/NaOH on pH to the solutions of acetic acid, sodium acetate and their mixtures (2 hours)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW5yLcyZhBs

Session 40

Session 41

Assignment -7: Flip Class

Mixture of two weak acids

https://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/mixture-of-two-weak-acids

Session 43

Practice-8: Determination of solubility product (2 hours)

http://chemcollective.org/vlab/88

Session 49

Assignment -10: Flip Class

Common acid-base indicators and their properties

https://www.coursera.org/lecture/advanced-chemistry/4-08-indicators-NVTIP

Session 50

Practice-10: To determine the amount of substance in a solution of unknown concentration using various titrimetric methods (2 hours)

https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=2&brch=193&sim=352&cnt=1

Session 51

Practice-11: pH metric titration of (i) strong acid with strong base, (ii) weak acid with strong base (2 hours)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSivCc44G3Y

Session 52

Practice-12: Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid (2 hours)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3Oa0L404oM

https://www.me.stier.org/Downloads/Lab17-DissociationConstantofWeakAcids.pdf

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Our Main Teachers

Shraban Kumar Sahoo completed his master degree in Chemistry from NIT Rourkela, in 2014 and his Ph.D. in Material and Industrial chemistry from NIT Rourkela in 2019 on thesis entitle “Graphene based metal oxide nanocomposites for removal of toxic pollutants from synthetic as well as industrials waste water”. During his PhD, he published one ACS, […]