You to domain name shines due to the fact good recombinational desert. Zero CO otherwise gene conversion process skills try recognized within the an approximately 400 kb region nearby the 2 connected gender devotion family genes, csd and you may fem (A lot more file 1: Contour S14). I advise that, once the heterozygosity out-of csd decides the fresh sex away from honeybee [56,57] and you may diploid homozygotes was sterile guys, gene sales within website name could be disadvantageous. Given that gene sales was related one another that have CO and you may NCO situations, all of the recombination are going to be abolished to cease homogenization. An absence of recombination plus pushes both loci to behave because the just one haplotype.
The influence really stands in striking contrast so you can an early report that found very highest CO prices in the vicinity of the csd locus. A potential resolution of your own contradictory states is the fact whilst in the latest instant location of the genes there is no recombination, this is certainly counterbalanced of the strangely highest cost about spans proximal for the wilderness. A lower resolution investigation would discover the greater cost on the spans. In line with so it we observe a high level from recombination in this new immediate location of your own plateau (Most file step one: Contour S14).
All of our research increase the belief you to personal hymenoptera possess each other highest and you may extremely changeable crossing-more cost. In fact, the rate ranged anywhere between 0 and you may 197 cM/Mb whenever mentioned for the non-overlapping 200 kb windows across the chromosomes (Figure step three, Shape S8 within the Even more document 1 and you can Desk S6 during the Extra file dos), recommending the highly rough shipping out-of crossovers in the genome. The contour regarding 37 cM/Mb, while large to have pet, is still less than you to seen for almost all fungi and protozoans, where costs in excess of sixty cM/Mb are advertised . Towards good our very own knowledge, the latest guess ways a high crossing-more than price than just seen in people plant or animal.
While our study finds evidence consistent with several theoretical predictions, cause and effect are always hard to cuddli online disentangle from correlation alone. For example, in principle the diversity/crossing-over coupling is also consistent with the notion that crossing over occurs preferentially in domains of high diversity and with the notion that crossing over is mutagenic . Similarly, the correlation between recombination rate and GC content is consistent with both the possibility that crossing over forces a high GC content and with the possibility that a high GC content favors increased crossing over. The conventional wisdom holds that recombination forces heteroduplexes within which mismatches require resolution. If this resolution is biased towards G and C residues (biased gene conversion), then a correlation between GC and recombination rate is expected . Previous analyses in honey bee have demonstrated fixation biases toward GC in high recombination parts of the genome . Evidence to support this direction for the causal arrow requires SNP analysis showing a bias to AT- > GC SNPs being fixed (or otherwise favored) compared to GC- > AT SNPs at sites of recombination. The key events here are most probably crossover-associated gene conversion events, but for these we cannot determine the direction of conversion and we are likely to be missing the majority of them. In our identified NCO events, if u is the number of AT > GC SNPs per A or T and v is the number of GC > AT SNPs per G or C, then the ratio of u/v is 1.06, which is slightly greater than the null (from stochastic simulations with 10,000 repeats: P <0.08). Being on the edge of significance, we cannot robustly say that NCO is or is not associated with GC-biased gene conversion.
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