Course Objectives

The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of crude drug, their identification and evaluation, chemical constituents present in them and their medicinal properties.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of the course, the shall be able
1. To know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
2. To know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
3. To know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
4. To carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs

Course Syllabus

MODULE I
Definition, history and scope of Pharmacognosy including indigenous system of medicine.
Various systems of classification of drugs of natural origin.
Adulteration and drug evaluation; significance of Pharmacopoeial standards.
MODULE II
Brief outline of occurrence, distribution, outline of isolation, identification tests, therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and resins.
Occurrence, distribution, organoleptic evaluation, chemical constituents including tests wherever applicable and therapeutic efficacy of following categories of drugs.
a. Laxatives: Aloes, Rhuburb, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna.
b. Cardiotonics-Digitalis, Arjuna.
c. Carminatives & G.I. regulators-Umbelliferous fruits, Coriander, Fennel, Ajowan, Cardamom Ginger, Black pepper, Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove.
d. Astringents,Catechu.
e. Drugs acting on nervous system-Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Aconite, Ashwagandha, Ephedra, Opium, Cannabis, Nux vomica.
f. Antihypertensives-Rauwolfia.
g. Antitussives-Vasaka, Tolu balsam, Tulsi.
h. Antirheumatics-Guggul, Colchicum.
i. Antitumour-Vinca.
j. Antileprotics-Chaulmoogra Oil.
k. Antidiabetics -Pterocarpus, Gymnema, Sylvestro.
l. Diuretics,Gokhru, Punarrnava.
m. Antidysentrics-Ipecacuanha
n. Antiseptics and disinfectants Benzoin, Myrrh. Nim, curcuma.
o. Antimalarials,Cinchona.
p. Oxytocics-Ergot.
q. Vitamines-Shark liver Oil and Amla.
r. Enzymes-Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
s. Perfumes and flavouring agents-Peppermint Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemon grass Oil, Sandalwood.
t. Pharmaceutical aids-Honey, Arachis Oil, Starch, Kaolin, Pectin, Olive oil, Lanolin, Beeswax, Acacia, Tragacanth, Sodium alginate, Agar, Guar gum, Gelatin. u. Miscellaneous-Liquorice, Garlic, Picrorhiza, Dioscorea, Linseed, Shatavari, Shankhapusphi, Pyrethrum, Tobacco.
MODULE III
Collection and preparation of crude drug for the market as exemplified by Ergot, opium, Rauwolfia, Digitalis, Senna.
MODULE IV
Study of source, preparation and identification of fibres used in sutures and surgical dressings,cotton, silk, wool and regenerated fibre.
MODULE V
Gross anatomical studies of Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona, Fennel, Clove, Ginger, Nux vomica & Ipecacuanha.

REFERENCE:
1. A Text book of Pharmacognosy by S.B. Gokhale, C.K.Kokate, A.P.Purohit
2. A Text book of Pharmacognosy by N.Murugesh
3. A Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.Wallis

Session Plan

Session 1

Introduction to pharmacognosy.

Introduction to pharmacognosy 1

Session 2

Introduction to pharmacognosy.

Introduction 2

Session 3

Classification of drugs of natural origin.

chemical classification 3

Session 4

Adulteration and evaluation of drugs.

Adultaration evaluation 4

Session 5

Microscopic evaluation.

Microscopic evaluation 5

Session 6

Physical evaluation.

Physical evaluation 6

Session 7

Secondary metabolites.

secondarymetabolites ppt 3-converted

Session 8

Secondary metabolites.

glycoside1-converted

Session 9

Laxatives.

Laxative 7

Session 10

Cardiotonics.
Cardiotonics,Digitalis,Arjuna

Session 11

Carminatives and GI regulators.

Carminative,G.I.regulators,Coriander 9

Session 12

Carminatives and GI regulators.

Ajawan,Cardamom,Ginger

Session 13

carminative and GI regulators.
Black pepper

Session 14

carminative and GI regulators.
Cinnamon,Clove

Session 15

Rhubarb, Castor oil, ispaghula.
Castor oil,Ispaghula, Rhubarb 8

Session 16

Astrigent, Black catechu.
Astrigent,Black catechu

Session 17

Drugs acting on nervous system.
Drugs acting on nervous system,Hyoscyamous,Aconite

Session 18

Drugs acting on nervous system.
ephedra,opium,nux vomica,cannabis

Session 19

Antihypertensives.
Rauwolfia

Session 20

Antitussives and antireheumatics.
Tulsi,Colchicum

Session 21

Antitumour, antileprotics, anntidiabetics.

anti tumor,leprotic,diabetic

Session 22

Diuretics.
Diuretics,gokhru,punarnava

Session 23

Glycoside
glycoside2-converted

Session 24

Glycoside
glycoside3-converted

Session 25

Antidysentrics.
Antidysentrics

Session 26

Antiseptic and disinfectants.

Antiseptics and Disinfactants

Session 27

Animalerials

antimalarial and oxytocics

Session 28

Oxytocics.

antimalarial and oxytocics

Session 29

Vitamins.
Vitamins

Session 30

Enzymes.
Enzymes

Session 31

Perfumes and flavouring agents.
Perfume and Flavouring agent

Session 32

Pharmaceutical aids.
Kaolin,Pectin,Olive oil,Lanolin

Session 33

pharmaceutical aids.

Sodium alginate,Guar gum

Session 34

Pharmaceutical aids.

Guar Gum and Gelatin

Session 35

Pharmaceutical aids.

Bees wax, Acacia and Tragacanth

Session 36

Pharmaceutical aids.

honey,arachis oil and starch

Session 37

Miscellaneous drugs.
Liquorice and Garlic

Session 38

Miscellaneous drugs.
Linseed

Session 39

Miscellaneous drugs.
Picrohiza and Dioscorea

Session 40

Miscellaneous drugs.
Shatavari

Session 41

Miscellaneous drugs.
Shankhapushpi

Session 42

Miscellaneous drugs.
Miscillaneous...Tobaco

Session 43

Miscellaneous drugs.
INSECTISIDE-converted

Session 44

Collection and preparation of crude drugs.
Cultivation and collection of Ergot

Session 45

Collection and preparation of crude drugs.
Cultivation and collection of opium

Session 46

Collection and preparation of crude drugs.
Cultivation and collection of Rauwolfia and Digitalis

Session 47

Preparation and identification of fibres used in sutures and surgical dressings.
Silk,wool

Session 48

Preparation and identification of fibres used in sutures and surgical dressings.
regenerated fibre

Session 49

Preparation and identification of fibres used in sutures and surgical dressings.

honey,arachis oil and starch

Session 50

Gross anatomical studies of crude drugs.
Gross anatomical study of Cinnamon,Cinchona

Session 51

Gross anatomical studies of crude drugs.
Gross anatomical study of Clove and Fennel

Session 52

Gross anatomical studies of crude drugs.
Gross anatomical study of Datura

Session 53

Gross anatomical studies of crude drugs.
Gross anatomical study of Ginger,Ipecacuanha

Session 54

Gross anatomical studies of crude drugs.
Gross anatomical study of Senna

Session 54

Gross anatomical studies of crude drugs.
Gross anatomical study of Senna

Session 55

Volatile oils.
Volatile oils

Session 56

Tannins.
Tanins

Session 57

Resins.
resin

Practical

1.Identification of drug by morphological characters.
2.Physical and chemical tests for evaluation of drugs wherever applicable. 3.Gross anatomical studies (t.s) of the following drugs: Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona, Coriander, Fennel, Clove, Ginger, Nuxvomica, Ipecacuanha.
4.Identification of fibres and surgical dressings.

Experiment 1

Introduction to carbohydrate and starch.
Introduction_to_Carbohydrates-converted

Experiment 2

Marphological_characteristics_of_supplied_sample__Peppermint_Leaves.
Marphological_characteristics_of_supplied_sample__Peppermint_Leaves_-converted

Experiment 3

Morphological_character_of_supplied_crude_drug__Belladonna_leaves.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_crude_drug__Belladonna_leaves_-converted

Experiment 4

Morphological_character_of_supplied_crude_drug__Cardamom_fruits.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_crude_drug__Cardamom_fruits_-converted

Experiment 5

Morphological_character_of_supplied_crude_drug__digitalis_leaves.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_crude_drug__digitalis_leaves_-converted

Experiment 6

Morphological_Character_of_supplied_crude_drug__seena_leaves.
Morphological_Character_of_supplied_crude_drug__seena_leaves_-converted

Experiment 7

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Caraway_fruits.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Caraway_fruits_-converted

Experiment 8

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Cinnamon_bark.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Cinnamon_bark_-converted

Experiment 9

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Clove_buds.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Clove_buds_-converted (1)

Experiment 10

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Fennel_fruits.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Fennel_fruits_-converted (1)

Experiment 11

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Liquorice_roots.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Liquorice_roots_-converted (1)

Experiment 12

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Lin_seeds.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Lin_seeds_-converted

Experiment 13

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Nux-vomica_seeds.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Nux-vomica_seeds_-converted

Experiment 14

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Rhubarb_rhizome.
Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Rhubarb_rhizomes_-converted

Experiment 15

Morphological_characteristics_of_supplied_crude_drug__Ginger_rhizomes.
Morphological_characteristics_of_supplied_crude_drug__Ginger_rhizomes_-converted

Experiment 16

Morphological_character_of_supplied_sample__Cinchona_bark.
Morphological_charcter_of_supplied_sample__Cinchona_bark_-converted

Experiment 17

Morphology of black catechu.
Morphology of black catechu

Experiment 18

Morphology of Datura.
Morphology of Datura

Experiment 19

Morphology of Turmeric.
Morphology of Turmeric

Experiment 20

Morphology of Vinca.
Morphology of Vinca

Experiment 21

Microscopical character of Liquorice.
Microscopical character of Liquorice

Experiment 22

Microscopical character of vinca.
Microscopical character of vinca

Experiment 23

Identification test for cotton.
Identification test for cotton

Case Studies

Case Studies