Phase equilibria and Chemical kinetics

Teacher

Dr. Pratap Chhotaray

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Core Courses

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Course Name : Phase equilibria and Chemical kinetics

Code(Credit) : CUTM1475 (3-2-1)

Course Objectives

• The course gives idea about the different phases of matter and their equilibria from which the stability and sustainability can be easily predicted
• Deals with kinetics study of different processes and surface phenomenon like adsorption, chemisorptions etc.

Course Outcomes

COs Course outcomes Mapping COs with POs (High-3, Medium-2, Low-1)
CO1 Able to understand the fundamentals of different phases of matter and kinetics of reaction. PO1 (3), PO 4 (2)
CO2 Able to solve problems of kinetics based chemical reaction and degrees of freedom. PO2 (3), PO4 (2)
CO3 Will be able to figure out the controlling factors that affect the rate of reactions PO 2 (2), PO 4 (2)

Course Syllabus

Module 1
Phase Equilibria-1
1.1 Definitions of phase, Concept of phases and Components
1.2 Degrees of freedom
1.3 Derivation of Gibbs Phase Rule for Non-reactive and reactive systems
1.4 Clausius-Clapeyron equation
1.5 Applications to solid-liquid,
1.6 Liquid-vapour
1.7 Solid- vapour equilibria

Module II
Phase Equilibria-2
2.1 Definition of phase diagram
2.2 Phase diagram for one component systems – water
2.3 Phase diagram for one component systems – CO2, with applications
2.4 Liquid-vapour equilibrium for two component systems
2.5 Phase diagrams for systems of solid-liquid equilibria involving eutectic, congruent and incongruent melting points, solid solutions
2.6 Three component systems, water-chloroform-acetic acid system, triangular plots
Practice 1: Determination of the solubility curve for phenol and water
Module III
Phase Equilibria-3
3.1 Gibbs- Duhem-Margules equation and its derivation
3.2 Applications to fractional distillation of binary miscible liquids (ideal and nonideal)
3.3 Azeotropes, lever rule
3.4 Partial miscibility of liquids, CST
3.5 Miscible pairs, steam distillation
3.6 Nernst distribution law: its derivation and applications
Practice 2: Study the distribution law of Acetic acid and benzoic acid by water and carbon tetra chloride

Module IV
Chemical Kinetics-1
4.1 Order and molecularity of a reaction
4.2 Rate laws in terms of the advancement of a reaction, rate constants
4.3 Differential and integrated form of rate expressions up to second order reactions
4.4 Pseudo first order reactions
4.5 Experimental methods of the determination of rate laws
4.6 Determination of order of a reaction by half-life and differential method
4.7 Kinetics of complex reactions (integrated rate Expressions up to first order only).
Practice 3: Kinetics Study on the Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid
Practice 4: Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid

Module V
Chemical Kinetics-2
5.1 Opposing reactions and parallel reactions
5.2 Consecutive reactions and their differential rate equations (steady-state approximation in reaction mechanisms)
5.3 Chain reactions
5.4 Temperature dependence of reaction rates; Arrhenius equation; activation energy
5.5 Unimolecular Reactions; Collision theory of reaction rates, Lindemann mechanism, qualitative treatment of the theory of absolute reaction rates
Practice 5: Saponification value of ethyl acetate
Practice 6: Effect of ionic strength on rate of persulphate iodide reaction

Module VI
Catalysis
6.1 Types of catalyst, specificity and selectivity, mechanisms of catalyzed reactions at solid surfaces
6.2 Salt effects; effect of particle size and efficiency of nanoparticles as catalysts
6.3 Enzyme catalysis, Michaelis-Menten mechanism
6.4 Acid-base catalysis, turn-over number
Practice 7: Study of the Catalytic Effects of Finely Divided Particles

Module VII
Surface chemistry
7.1 Physical adsorption, chemisorptions
7.2 Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms
7.3 Multilayer adsorption and BET isotherm
7.4 Gibbs adsorption isotherm and surface excess, nature of adsorbed state
Practice 8: Demonstration of the adsorption phenomena
Practice 9: Verify the Freundlich for adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal
Practice 10: Verify the Langmuir isotherm for adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal

Recommended Books:
1. Peter Atkins & Julio De Paula, Physical Chemistry 10th Ed., Oxford University Press (2014).
2. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., Narosa (2004).
3. Levine, I. N. Physical Chemistry 6th Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill (2011).
3. McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D.,Molecular Thermodynamics, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi (2004).

Session Plan

Session 1

Definitions of phase, Concept of phases and Components
Phase equilibrium-1
phase,component and degree of freeddom

Session 3

Derivation of Gibbs Phase Rule for Non-reactive and reactive systems
Gibbs Phase Rule
Gibbs Phase Rule

Session 5

Applications to solid-liquid
Phase equilibrium-1
Solid Liquid Equilibrium

Session 7

Session 8 (Assignment-1: Flip Class)

Phase Rule and its application

Phase Rule

Session 10

Phase diagram for one component systems – water, CO2, with applications
Phase Euilibrium-2
Phase Diagram, Phases of Matter and Triple Point of Water

Phase rule to Carbon dioxide

Session 11 (Assignment-2: Flip Class)

Explain Phase Diagram with Example

Phase Diagram

Session 12

Liquid-vapour equilibrium for two component systems
Phase Euilibrium-2
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium for Binary Systems

Session 13

Phase diagrams for systems of solid-liquid equilibria involving eutectic, congruent and incongruent melting points, solid solutions
Phase Euilibrium-2

Solid-Liquid Phase Diagrams

Session 14

Three component systems, water-chloroform-acetic acid system, triangular plots
Phase Euilibrium-2
Ternary Phase Diagram Basics

Session 15 (Assignment-3: Flip Class)

Phase Diagram for three component systems

Three Component Phase Diagram

Session 16: Practice 1 (2 hrs)

Determination of the solubility curve for phenol and water

Session 17

Gibbs- Duhem-Margules equation and its derivation
Phase equilibrium-3
Gibbs Duhem Margules Equation

Session 18

Applications to fractional distillation of binary miscible liquids (ideal and nonideal)
Steam Distillation
Separation of two miscible liquids

Session 19

Azeotropes, lever rule
Phase equilibrium-3
Azeotrope

Session 20 (Assignment-4: Flip Class)

Lever Rule and its application

Lever rule

Session 21

Partial miscibility of liquids,CST, Miscible pairs, steam distillation
CST
Partially Miscible Liquids

Steam Distillation
Steam distillation

Session 22

Nernst distribution law: its derivation and applications
Nernst Distribution Law
Distribution Law

Session 23: Practice 2 (2 hrs)

Study the distribution law of Acetic acid and benzoic acid by water and carbon tetra chloride

Partition Coefficient

Session 24

Order and molecularity of a reaction
Chemical kinetics-1
Order vs. Molecularity

Session 25

Rate laws in terms of the advancement of a reaction, rate constants
Chemical Kinetics-11
Kinetics: Initial Rates and Integrated Rate Laws

Session 26 (Assignment-5: Flip Class)

Order, Molecularity and rate of the reactions

Order and Molecularity

Session 27: Practice 3 (2 hrs)

Kinetics Study on the Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid
Kinetics Study on the Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid

Session 28

Differential and integrated form of rate expressions up to second order reactions, pseudo first order reactions
Chemical kinetics-1
Integrated Rate Law

Pseudo First Order Reaction

Session 29

Session 30: Practice 4 (2 hrs)

Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid
Hydrolysis of Methyl acetate

Session 31

Determination of order of a reaction by half-life and differential method
Order of a reaction by half-life and differential method
Half-life of a first-order reaction

Session 32 (Assignment-6: Flip Class)

Determination of rate law by different methods

Determination of a Rate Law

Session 33

Kinetics of complex reactions (integrated rate Expressions up to first order only)
Complex Reaction
Simple and complex reactions

Session 34: Practice 5 (2 hrs)

Saponification value of ethyl acetate
Saponification

Session 35

Opposing reactions and parallel reactions
Opposing Reaction
Parallel and opposing Reactions

Session 36

Consecutive reactions and their differential rate equations, Chain Reactions
Consecutive reaction
Consecutive reactions

Chain Reaction
Chain reaction

Session 37 (Assignment-7: Flip Class)

Steady State Approximation and its applications

Steady-State Approximation

Session 38

Temperature dependence of reaction rates; Arrhenius equation; activation energy
Chemical kinetics-1
Arrhenius Equation

Session 39: Practice 6 (2 hrs)

Effect of ionic strength on rate of persulphate iodide reaction
Iodide Persulfate Kinetics

Session 40

Unimolecular Reactions; Collision theory of reaction rates, Lindemann mechanism, qualitative treatment of the theory of absolute reaction rates
Unimolecular Reaction
Unimolecular Reactions

Session 41

Types of catalyst, specificity and selectivity, mechanisms of catalyzed reactions at solid surfaces
Catalysis
Catalysis

Session 42: Practice 7 (2 hrs)

Study of the Catalytic Effects of Finely Divided Particles
Study of the Catalytic Effects of Finely Divided Particles

Session 43

Salt effects; effect of particle size and efficiency of nanoparticles as catalysts
Primary-Kinetic-Salt-Effect
Kinetics of Salt Effect

Session 44

Enzyme catalysis, Michaelis-Menten mechanism, acid-base catalysis, turn-over number
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis

Acid_Base Catalysis
Acid Base Catalysis

Session 45 (Assignment-8: Flip Class)

Different types of catalysis, mechanism and its application

Catalysis Mechanism

Session 46: Practice 8 (2 hrs)

Demonstration of the adsorption phenomena (V Lab)

Adsorption Isotherm

Session 47

Physical adsorption, chemisorptions
Adsorption
Physical Adsorption

Session 48

Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms
Adsorption isotherm
Freundlich Isotherm

Langmuir Isotherms

Session 49: Practice 9 (2 hrs)

Verify the Freundlich for adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal

Session 50: Practice 10 (2 hrs)

Verify the Langmuir isotherm for adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal
Adsorption of Ethanoic acid on Charcoal procedure

Session 51 (Assignment-9: Flip class)

Adsorption isotherm and its applications

Adsorption isotherm

Session 52

Multilayer adsorption and BET isotherm
Adsorption isotherm
BET Isotherm

Session 53

Gibbs adsorption isotherm and surface excess, nature of adsorbed state
Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
GIBB'S Adsorption Isotherm

Session 54 (Assignment-10: Flip Class)

Multilayer adsorption isotherm and its application

Multilayer Adsorption

Our Main Teachers

Dr. Pratap Chhotaray

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry
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Dr. Pratap Kumar Chhotaray has completed his PhD. from IIT Madras in 2015. He then moved to The University of Alabama, USA followed by Louisiana State University, USA for two years’ postdoctoral research. Thereafter, he worked as a National Postdoctoral fellow at IIT Delhi for two years. Currently, he is working as an Asst. Prof. […]