Hybrid Breeding

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Dr. Swapnil

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Course Name: HYBRID BREEDING

Course Credit: MGPB0509 (2-1-0)

Course Objective

To understand the basics of hybrid development using genetic pollination control mechanism in different crops, basic to advanced studies in heterosis phenomenon and fixation of heterosis.

Course Outcomes (CO)- Program Specific Outcome (PSO) Mapping

COs   Course Outcomes Mapping COs with PSOs
CO1 An overview of various kinds of male sterility and their utilization in hybrid seed production of important field crops PSO1
CO2 Understanding the basic concepts of hybrid varieties and various techniques for development of hybrids in crop plants PSO1, PSO4
CO3 Understanding about mechanisms of heterosis and its exploitation for yield improvement through conventional and biotechnological approaches PSO1, PSO3

PSO1 : Impart knowledge and understanding of fundamental concepts and techniques of maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, crop production, crop management, crop improvement, biodiversity and sustainability of agriculture worldwide.

PSO3 : Apply knowledge of basic science through Agricultural microbiology, Plant biochemistry and Biotechnology.

PSO4 : Apply knowledge of Agri-business management and finance to develop profitable agricultural system.

Course Syllabus

Theory

Unit 1: historical aspect of  heterosis, nomenclature  and  definitions of  heterosis;  Heterosisin natural population and inbred population; Evolutionary aspects – Genetic consequences of selfing, sibbing and crossing in self-and cross-pollinated and asexually propagated crops; Pre-Mendelian and Post-Mendelian ideas Evolutionary concepts of heterosis; Genetic theories of heterosis – Physiological, Biochemical and molecular factors underlining heterosis; theories and their estimation; Biometrical basis of heterosis.

Unit II:  Prediction of heterosis from various crosses, inbreeding depression, coefficient of inbreeding and its estimation, residual heterosis in F2 and segregating populations, importance of inbreeding in exploitation of heterosis – case studies.; Relationship between genetic distance and expression of heterosis, case studies; Divergence and genetic distance analyses, morphological and molecular genetic distance in predicting heterosis; Development of heterotic pools in germplasm/ genetic stocks and inbreeds, their improvement for increasing heterosis.

Unit III: :Male sterility and use in heterosis breeding; Male sterile line creation and diversification in self-pollinated, cross pollinated and asexually propagated crops; Creation  of  male  sterility  through  genetic  engineering  and  its  exploitation  in heterosis; Maintenance, transfer and restoration of different types of male sterility; Use of self-incompatibility in development of hybrids.

Unit IV: Hybrid seed production system: 3-line, 2-line and 1-line system; Development of inbreeds and parental lines- A, B and R lines – functional male sterility; Commercial exploitation of heterosis, maintenance breeding of parental lines in hybrids; Fixation of heterosis in self, cross and often cross pollinated crops, asexually/ clonally propagated crops, problems and prospects; Apomixis in fixing heterosis-concept of single line hybrid; Organellar heterosis and complementation.

Unit V: Hybrid breeding in wheat, rice, cotton, maize, pearl millet, sorghum and rapeseed- mustard, sunflower, safflower and castor oilseed crops and pigeonpea.

Practical

Characterization of male sterile lines using morphological descriptors; Restorer line identification and diversification of male sterile sources; Male sterile line creation in crop plants, problems in creation of CGMS system, ways of overcoming them; Diversification and restoration; Success stories of hybrid breeding in Maize, Rice, Pearl millet, Sorghum and Pigeon pea; Understanding the difficulties in breeding apomicts; Estimation of heterotic parameters in self, cross and asexually propagated crops; Estimation from the various models for heterosis parameters; Hybrid seed production in field crops—an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it; Hybrid breeding at National and International level, opportunities ahead.

Text books/References

  1. Agarwal L. (1998). Fundamental of Plant Breeding and hybrid Seed Production, Science Publisher London
  2. Chahal S and Gosal SS. (2002). Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding: Biotechnological and Conventional Approaches, Narosa
  3. Mukherjee BK. (1995) The Heterosis Phenomenon, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
  4. Banga and Banga. (1998). Hybrid cultivar development, Narosa Publications
  5. Singh BD. (2015). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods, Kalyani Publications
  6. Virmani SS. (1994). Heterosis and Hybrid Rice Breeding, Springer-Verlag publishers

Session 1

Historical aspect of heterosis - Nomenclature and definitions of heterosis; Heterosis in natural population and inbred population

History of heterosis concepts

Session 2

Genetic consequences self-and cross-pollinated and asexually propagated crops

Watch link:https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_improvement/crop_imprv_breeding_methods.html

Session 3

Session 4

Physiological, Biochemical and molecular factors underlining heterosis; theories and their estimation

BIOCHEMICAL-BASIS OF HETEROSIS

PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HETEROSIS

Session 5

Prediction of heterosis from various crosses

Prediction of Heterosis

Session 6

Inbreeding depression, coefficient of inbreeding and its estimation, residual heterosis in F2 and segregating populations

INBREEDING AND OUT BREEDING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN HETEROSIS CONCEPTS

Session 7

Importance of inbreeding in exploitation of heterosis

Download Notes 7

Session 8

Session 9

Divergence and Genetic Distance analyses morphological and molecular genetic distance in predicting heterosis

Download notes 5

Session 10

Development of heterotic pools in germplasm/ genetic stocks and inbreds, their improvement for increasing heterosis

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND HETEROSIS

Session 11

Male sterility, Types of MS and use in heterosis breeding

Download Notes 11

Session 12

Male sterile line creation and diversification in self-pollinated, cross pollinated and asexually propagated crops

Download notes 12

Session 13

Creation of male sterility through genetic engineering and its exploitation in heterosis

GENETIC ENGINEERING PLANTS FOR MALE STERILITY

Session 14

Maintenance, transfer and restoration of different types of male sterility

CYTOGENETIC AND GENETIC APPROACHES TO INDUCE MALE STERILITY

Session 15

Use of self-incompatibility in development of hybrids

Download Notes 15

SELF INCOMPATIBILITY AND HETEROSIS BREEDING

Session 16

Hybrid seed production system: 3-line, 2-line and 1-line system

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF TWO-LINE BREEDING 

Session 17

Development of inbreds and parental lines- A, B and R lines – functional male sterility

Download notes 17

Session 18

Session 19

Maintenance breeding of parental lines in hybrids

MAINTENANCE BREEDING IN SELF AND CROSS POLLINATED CROPS

Session 20

Fixation of heterosis in self, cross and often cross-pollinated crops, asexually/clonally propagated crops, problems and prospect

Download notes 20

Session 21

Apomixis in fixing heterosis-concept of single line hybrid

APOMIXIS AND HETEROSIS

Session 22

Organellar heterosis and complementation

ORGANELLE HETEROSIS AND COMPLEMENTATION

Session 23

Hybrid breeding in wheat

 WHEAT BREEDING

Session 24

Hybrid breeding in rice

Download notes 24

Session 25

Hybrid breeding in cotton

hybrid seed production in cotton

Session 26

Hybrid breeding in maize

maize hybrid seed production

Session 27

Hybrid breeding in pearl millet

Exploitation of heterosis in Pearl millet

Session 28

Hybrid breeding in sorghum

EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS IN SORGHUM

Session 29

Hybrid breeding in pigeon pea

EXPLOITATION OF HYBRID VIGOUR IN PIGEONPEA

Session 30

Hybrid breeding in rapeseed and mustard

Mustard hybrid seed production

Session 31

Hybrid breeding in sunflower

EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS IN SUNFLOWER

Session 32

Practical Session 1

Characterization of male sterile lines using morphological descriptors

Watch link 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yqdEFeI9ZM

Watch link 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yqdEFeI9ZM

Practical Session 2

Restorer line identification and diversification of male sterile sources

Download practical notes 2

Practical Session 3

Male sterile line creation in crop plants

Download practical notes 3

Practical Session 4

Problems in creation of CGMS system

Download practical notes 5

Practical Session 5

Diversification and restoration

ABR lines

Practical Session 6

Success stories of hybrid breeding in Maize, Rice, Pearl millet

Watch link: https://aicrpmaize.icar.gov.in/success-stories/success-story-of-baby-corn-hybrid-hm-4/

Success story of pearl millet

Practical Session 7

Success stories of hybrid breeding in Sorghum and Pigeon pea

Watch link: https://aicrp.icar.gov.in/sorghum/success-stories/

Practical Session 8

Understanding the difficulties in breeding apomicts

Problems in apomicts

Practical Session 9

Estimation of heterotic parameters in self, cross and asexually propagated crops

Heterotic parameters

Practical Session 10

Estimation from the various models for heterosis parameters

Watch link: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.643761/full

Practical Session 11

Hybrid seed production in field crops (Maize) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it

Dowload notes 11

Practical Session 12

Hybrid seed production in field crops (Rice) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it

Download notes 12

Practical Session 13

Hybrid seed production in field crops (Pearl millet) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it

Download notes 13

Practical Session 14

Hybrid seed production in field crops (Sorghum) an account on the released hybrids, their potential, problems and ways of overcoming it

Download notes 14

Practical Session 15

Hybrid seed production in Pigeon pea

hybrid production in pigeon pea

Practical Session 16

Hybrid breeding at National and International level, opportunities ahead

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION

Study material

Heterosis breeding

Question Bank

hybrid breeding QP

Assignments

Topics of assignment

Our Main Teachers

Dr. Swapnil

Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
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