Breeding for Stress Resistance and Climate Change

Teacher

Dr. Vinay Kumar

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Course Name: Breeding for Stress Resistance and Climate Change

 

Code (Credit) : MGPB0516 (2-1-0)

Course Objectives

Summarise the past, present, and future use of plant genetic resources in plant breeding.

Provide examples of strategies and successes of employing plant genetic resources to help plants adapt to climate change.

To apprise about various abiotic and biotic stresses influencing crop yield, mechanisms and genetics of resistance and methods to breed stress tolerant varieties.

Explain the potential use of plant genetic resources in breeding for climate change mitigation.

Course Outcomes (CO) - Program Specific Outcome (PSO) Mapping

COs Course Outcomes Mapping COs with PSOs
CO1 To impart Knowledge and understanding of the climate change and its response on crop. PSO1
CO2 Understanding the basic concepts of climate change and various techniques for development of hybrids in crop plants PSO1, PSO3
CO3 Understanding about mechanisms to develop biotic and abiotic stress resistance through conventional and biotechnological approaches PSO1, PSO3

PSO1: Impart knowledge and understanding of fundamental concepts and techniques of maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, crop production, crop management, crop improvement, biodiversity and sustainability of agriculture worldwide.

PSO3: Apply knowledge of basic science through Agricultural microbiology, Plant biochemistry and Biotechnology.

PSO4: Apply knowledge of Agri-business management and finance to develop profitable agricultural system.

Syllabus

Theory

Concept and impact of climatic change; Importance of plant breeding with special reference to biotic and abiotic stress resistance; Classification of biotic stresses - major pests and diseases of economically important crops. Concepts of resistance to insect and pathogen resistance; Analysis and inheritance of resistance variation; Host defense responses to pathogen invasions- Biochemical and molecular mechanisms; Acquired and induced immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR); Host-pathogen interaction, gene-for-gene hypothesis, molecular evidence for its operation and exceptions; Concept of signal transduction and other host-defence mechanisms against viruses and bacteria. Types and genetic mechanisms of resistance to biotic stresses –Horizontal and vertical resistance in crop plants; Quantitative resistance/ adult plant resistance and slow rusting resistance; Classical and molecular breeding methods - Measuring plant resistance using plant fitness; Behavioral, physiological and insect gain studies; Phenotypic screening methods for major pests and diseases; Recording of observations; Correlating the observations using marker data Gene pyramiding methods and their implications. Classification of abiotic stresses - Stress inducing factors, moisture stress/ drought and water logging and submergence; Acidity, salinity/ alkalinity/ sodicity; High/ low  temperature,  wind,  etc.;  Stress  due  to  soil  factors  and  mineral  toxicity; Physiological and Phenological responses; Emphasis of abiotic stresses in developing breeding methodologies. Genetics of abiotic stress resistance; Genes and genomics in breeding cultivars suitable to low water regimes and water logging and submergence, high and low/ freezing temperatures; Utilizing MAS procedures for identifying resistant types in important crops like rice, sorghum, wheat, cotton, etc.; Breeding for resistance to stresses caused by toxicity, deficiency and pollutants/ contaminants in soil, water and environment. Use of crop wild relatives as a source of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors in major field crops; Transgenics in management of biotic and abiotic stresses, use of toxins, protease inhibitors, lectins, chitinases and Bt for diseases and insect pest management.

Practical

Understanding the climatological parameters and predisposal of biotic and abiotic stress factors - ways of combating them for diseases caused by fungi and bacteria; Symptoms and data recording; Use of MAS procedures; Phenotypic screening techniques for sucking pests and chewing pests - Traits to be observed at plant and insect level; Phenotypic screening techniques for nematodes and borers; Ways of combating them; Evaluating the available populations like RIL, NIL, etc. for pest resistance; Use of standard MAS procedures; Breeding strategies - Weeds ecological, environmental impacts on the crops; Breeding for herbicide resistance; Screening crops for drought and flood resistance; factors to be considered and breeding strategies; Screening varieties of major crops for acidity and alkalinity - their effects and breeding strategies; Screening forage crops for resistance to sewage water and tannery effluents; Quality parameters evaluation.

Reference Book

Blum A. 1988. Plant Breeding for Stress Environments. CRC Press.

Christiansen MN and Lewis CF. 1982. Breeding Plants for Less Favourable Environments, Wiley International.

Fritz RS and Simms EL. (Eds.). 1992. Plant Resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens: Ecology, Evolution and Genetics. The University of Chicago Press.

Li PH and Sakai A. 1987. Plant Cold Hardiness. Liss, New York Springer

Luginpill P. 1969. Developing Resistant Plants - The Ideal Method of Controlling Insects. USDA, ARS, Washington DC.

Maxwell FG and Jennings PR. (Eds.). 1980. Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects. John Wiley & Sons. Wiley-Blackwell.

Roberto F. 2018. Plant Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Springer.

Russell GE. 1978. Plant Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance. Butterworths. Sakai A and Larcher W. 1987. Frost Survival in Plants. Springer-Verlag.

Turener NC and Kramer PJ. 1980. Adaptation of Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress. John Wiley & Sons.

Van der Plank JE. 1982. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Plant Disease. Academic Press.

Session Plan

Session 1

Concept and impact of climatic change

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcBXmj1nMTQ

Session 2

Importance of plant breeding with special  reference to biotic and abiotic stress resistance

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/66714

https://ucanr.edu/sites/sbc/files/206899.pdf

Session 3

Classification of biotic stresses - major pests and diseases of economically important crops

http://www.jnkvv.org/PDF/04042020191500Biotic%20stress.pdf

Session 4

Concepts of resistance to insect and pathogen resistance

http://eagri.org/eagri50/ENTO232/lec16.pdf

Session 5

Analysis and inheritance of resistance variation

http://polj.uns.ac.rs/~genetikans/documents/geneticka_otpornost_za_sve_teme.pdf

Session 7

Acquired and induced immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRmwUjW7Nwo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hG22O4qcg4

Session 8

Host - pathogen interaction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv3dWjUoqpM

Session 9

Gene-for-gene hypothesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FJGqJmHoCE

Session 10

Molecular evidence for its operation and exceptions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNICdlM8Wh8

Session 11

Concept of signal transduction and other host - defence mechanisms against viruses and bacteria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6wrFMvK804

Session 12

Types and genetic mechanisms of resistance to biotic stresses - Horizontal and vertical resistance in crop plants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGFJipKjI0Q

Session 13

Quantitative resistance / adult plant resistance and slow rusting resistance

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01838/full

Session 14

Classical and molecular breeding methods - Measuring plant resistance using plant fitness Behavioural, physiological and insect gain studies

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/The_intervention_of_classical_and_molecular_breedi.pdf

Session 15

Phenotypic screening methods for major pests and diseases

http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_improvement/crop_imprv_screen.html

Session 16

Recording of observations

Session 17

Correlating the observations using marker data Gene pyramiding methods and their implications

https://slideplayer.com/slide/13537736/

Session 18

Classification of abiotic stresses - Stress inducing factors, moisture stress/ drought and water logging and submergence

https://www.slideshare.net/AradhanaSen/abiotic-stress-classification-and-factors

Session 20

Abiotic stresses alkalinity and sodicity

https://courseware.cutm.ac.in/wp-admin/post.php?post=71175&action=edit

Session 21

Abiotic Stresses high/ low temperature and wind

http://www.eagri.org/eagri50/PPHY261/lec22.pdf

Session 22

Stress due to soil factors and mineral toxicity

https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/17238/1/Minral_str_als_jaipur.pdf

Session 23

Physiological and Phenological responses

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/9781138056381_C0052.pdf

Session 24

Emphasis of abiotic stresses in developing breeding methodologies

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue3/PartO/7-2-566-721.pdf

Session 25

Genetics of abiotic stress resistance

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/MickelbartHasegawaBailey-Serresnrg_15.pdf

Session 26

Genes and genomics in breeding cultivars suitable to low water regimes and water logging and submergence, high and low/ freezing temperatures

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/Chapter-121.pdf

Session 27

Utilizing MAS procedures for identifying resistant types in important crops like rice, sorghum, wheat and cotton

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/fpls-08-00985.pdf

Session 28

Breeding for resistance to stresses caused by toxicity, deficiency and pollutants/ contaminants in soil, water and environment

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/BreedingforAbioticStresses.pdf

Session 29

Use of crop wild relatives as a source of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors in major field crops

Session 30

Transgenics in management of biotic and abiotic stresses

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/643-2108-5-PB.pdf

Session 31

Use of toxins, protease inhibitors, lectins

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111729/

Session 32

Chitinases and BT for diseases and insect pest management

https://www.slideshare.net/TNAUgenomics/chitinase-genes-and-insect-management-in-crop-plants

Practical

Practice 1 - 2

To study the climatological parameters and predisposal of biotic and abiotic stress factors - ways of combating them for diseases caused by fungi and bacteria

Practical Number 1 & 2

Practice 3

To study symptoms and data recording techniques for biotic and abiotic stress in plants

Practical Number 3

Practice 4-5

To study phenotypic screening techniques for sucking pests and chewing pests - traits to be observed at plant and insect level

Practical Number 4 & 5

Practice 6

To study phenotypic screening techniques for nematodes and borers - traits to be observed at plant and insect level

Practical Number 6

Practice 7

To study different ways of combating the attack of the pests

Practical Number 7

Practice 8

To study breeding strategies - weeds ecological, environmental impacts on the crops

Practical Number 8

Practice 9

To study different breeding strategies for herbicide resistance

Practical Number 9

Practice 10

To evaluate the populations like RIL, NIL for pest resistance

Practical Number 10

Practice 14

To study screening varieties of major crops for acidity and alkalinity - their effects and breeding strategies

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/agronomy-08-00205.pdf

Practice 15

To study screening forage crops for resistance to sewage water and tannery effluents

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/Effectofwastewater.pdf

Practice 16

To study quality  parameters evaluation

file:///C:/Users/cutm/Downloads/69568.pdf

ASSIGNMENT

Our Main Teachers

Dr. Vinay Kumar

Associate Professor
VIEW PROFILE

I am a Plant breeder, Now working on application of nano particles in  post harvest management of horticultural crops, mainly Onion. I along with co-workers reported first time worldwide a colorimetric sensor for visual detection of post harvest spoilage of onions. I have keen interest in horticultural crops and its value addition.